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Quick Reference

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Note: This list of commands is not exhaustive.
There's a more detailed and technical document available online.

Tips & Troubleshooting

  • Communication UART (Rx, Tx) can be configured in the System Settings.
  • Boot log and debug messages are available on pin GPIO2 (P2) at 115200 baud, 1 stop bit, no parity. Those messages may be disabled through compile flags.
  • Loopback test: Connect the Rx and Tx pins with a piece of wire. Anything you type in the browser should appear on the screen. Set Parser Timeout = 0 in Terminal Settings to be able to manually enter escape sequences.
  • There is very little RAM available to the webserver, and it can support at most 4 connections at the same time. Each terminal session (open window with the terminal screen) uses one persistent connection for screen updates. Avoid leaving unused windows open, or either the RAM or connections may be exhausted.
  • For best performance, use the module in Client mode (connected to external network) and minimize the number of simultaneous connections. Enabling AP consumes extra RAM because the DHCP server and Captive Portal DNS server are started.
  • In AP mode, check that the WiFi channel used is clear; interference may cause flaky connection. A good mobile app to use for this is WiFi Analyzer (Google Play). Adjust the hotspot strength and range using the Tx Power setting.
  • Hold the BOOT button (GPIO0 to GND) for ~1 second to force enable AP. Hold it for ~6 seconds to restore default settings. (This is indicated by the blue LED rapidly flashing). Default settings can be overwritten in the System Settings.

Basic Intro & Nomenclature

VT102

ESPTerm emulates VT102 (pictured) with some additions from later VT models and Xterm. All commonly used attributes and commands are supported. ESPTerm is capable of displaying ncurses applications such as Midnight Commander using agetty.

ESPTerm accepts UTF-8 characters received on the communication UART and displays them on the screen, interpreting some codes as Control Characters. Those are e.g. Carriage Return (13), Line Feed (10), Tab (9), Backspace (8) and Bell (7).

Escape sequences start with the control character ESC (27), followed by any number of ASCII characters forming the body of the command.

Nomenclature & Command Types

Examples on this help page use the following symbols for special characters and command types:
(spaces are for clarity only, DO NOT include them in the commands!)

NameSymbolASCIIC stringFunction
ESC \e ESC (27) "\e", "\x1b", "\033" Introduces an escape sequence. (Note: \e is a GCC extension)
Bell \a BEL (7) "\a", "\x7", "\07" Audible beep
String Terminator ST ESC \ (27 92)
or \a (7)
"\x1b\\", "\a" Terminates a string command (\a can be used as an alternative)
Control Sequence Introducer CSI ESC [ "\x1b[" Starts a CSI command. Examples: \e[?7;10h, \e[2J
Operating System Command OSC ESC ] "\x1b]" Starts an OSC command. Is followed by a command string terminated by ST. Example: \e]0;My Screen Title\a
Select Graphic Rendition SGR CSI n;n;nm "\x1b[1;2;3m" Set text attributes, like color or style. 0 to 10 numbers can be used, \e[m is treated as \e[0m

There are also some other commands that don't follow the CSI, SGR or OSC pattern, such as \e7 or \e#8. A list of the most important escape sequences is presented in the following sections.

Screen Behavior & Refreshing

The initial screen size, title text and button labels can be configured in Terminal Settings.

Screen updates are sent to the browser through a WebSocket after some time of inactivity on the communication UART (called "Redraw Delay"). After an update is sent, at least a time of "Redraw Cooldown" must elapse before the next update can be sent. Those delays are used is to avoid burdening the server with tiny updates during a large screen repaint. If you experience issues (broken image due to dropped bytes), try adjusting those config options. It may also be useful to try different baud rates.

UTF-8 support

ESPTerm supports all UTF-8 characters, but to reduce the screen buffer RAM size, only a small amount of unique multi-byte characters can be used at the same time (up to 160, depending on compile flags). Unique multi-byte characters are stored in a look-up table and are removed when they are no longer used on the screen. In rare cases it can happen that a character stays in the table after no longer being used (this can be noticed when the table fills up and new characters are not shown correctly). This is fixed by clearing the screen (\e[2J or \ec).

User Input: Keyboard, Mouse

Keyboard

The user can input text using their keyboard, or on Android, using the on-screen keyboard which is open using a button beneath the screen. Supported are all printable characters, as well as many control keys, such as arrows, Ctrl+letters and function keys. Sequences sent by function keys are based on VT102 and Xterm.

The codes sent by Home, End, F1-F4 and cursor keys are affected by various keyboard modes (Application Cursor Keys, Application Numpad Mode, SS3 Fn Keys Mode). Some can be set in the Terminal Settings, others via commands.

Here are some examples of control key codes:

KeyCodeKeyCode
Up \e[A\eOA F1 \eOP\e[11~
Down \e[B\eOB F2 \eOQ\e[12~
Right \e[C\eOC F3 \eOR\e[13~
Left \e[D\eOD F4 \eOS\e[14~
Home \eOH\e[H\e[1~ F5 \e[15 
End \eOF\e[F\e[4~ F6 \e[17~
Insert \e[2~ F7 \e[18~
Delete \e[3~ F8 \e[19~
Page Up \e[5~ F9 \e[20~
Page Down \e[6~ F10 \e[21~
Enter \r (13) F11 \e[23~
Ctrl+Enter \n (10) F12 \e[24~
Tab \t (9) ESC \e (27)
Backspace \b (8) Ctrl+A..Z ASCII 1-26

Action buttons

The blue buttons under the screen send ASCII codes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, which incidentally correspond to Ctrl+A,B,C,D,E. This choice was made to make button press parsing as simple as possible.

Mouse

ESPTerm implements standard mouse tracking modes based on Xterm. Mouse tracking can be used to implement powerful user interactions such as on-screen buttons, draggable sliders or dials, menus etc. ESPTerm's mouse tracking was tested using VTTest and should be compatible with all terminal applications that request mouse tracking.

Mouse can be tracked in different ways; some are easier to parse, others more powerful. The coordinates can also be encoded in different ways. All mouse tracking options are set using option commands: CSI ? n h to enable, CSI ? n l to disable option n.

Mouse Tracking Modes

All tracking modes produce three numbers which are then encoded and send to the application. First is the event number N, then the X and Y coordinates, 1-based.

Mouse buttons are numbered: 1=left, 2=middle, 3=right. Wheel works as two buttons (4 and 5) which generate only press events (no release).

OptionNameDescription
9 X10 mode This is the most basic tracking mode, in which only button presses are reported. N = button - 1: (0 left, 1 middle, 2 right, 3, 4 wheel).
1000 Normal mode In Normal mode, both button presses and releases are reported. The lower two bits of N indicate the button pressed: 00b (0) left, 01b (1) middle, 10b (2) right, 11b (3) button release. Wheel buttons are reported as 0 and 1 with added 64 (e.g. 64 and 65). Normal mode also supports tracking of modifier keys, which are added to N as bit masks: 4=Shift, 8=Meta/Alt, 16=Control/Cmd. Example: middle button with Shift = 1 + 4 = 101b (5).
1002 Button-Event tracking This is similar to Normal mode (1000), but mouse motion with a button held is also reported. A motion event is generated when the mouse cursor moves between screen character cells. A motion event has the same N as a press event, but 32 is added. For example, drag-drop event with the middle button will produce N = 1 (press), 33 (dragging) and 3 (release).
1003 Any-Event tracking This mode is almost identical to Button Event tracking (1002), but motion events are sent even when no mouse buttons are held. This could be used to draw on-screen mouse cursor, for example. Motion events with no buttons will use N = 32 + 11b (35).
1004 Focus tracking Focus tracking is a separate function from the other mouse tracking modes, therefore they can be enabled together. Focus tracking reports when the terminal window (in Xterm) gets or loses focus, or in ESPTerm's case, when any user is connected. This can be used to pause/resume a game or on-screen animations. Focus tracking mode sends CSI I when the terminal receives, and CSI O when it loses focus.

Mouse Report Encoding

The following encoding schemes can be used with any of the tracking modes (except Focus tracking, which is not affected).

OptionNameDescription
-- Normal encoding This is the default encoding scheme used when no other option is selected. In this mode, a mouse report has the format CSI M n x y, where n, x and y are characters with ASCII value = 32 (space) + the respective number, e.g. 0 becomes 32 (space), 1 becomes 33 (!). The reason for adding 32 is to avoid producing control characters. Example: \e[M !! - left button press at coordinates 1,1 when using X10 mode.
1005 UTF-8 encoding This scheme should encode each of the numbers as a UTF-8 code point, expanding the maximum possible value. Since ESPTerm's screen size is limited and this has no practical benefit, this serves simply as an alias to the normal scheme.
1006 SGR encoding In SGR encoding, the response looks like a SGR sequence with the three numbers as semicolon-separated ASCII values. In this case 32 is not added like in the Normal and UTF-8 schemes, because it would serve nor purpose here. Also, button release is not reported as 11b, but using the normal button code while changing the final SGR character: M for button press and m for button release. Example: \e[2;80;24m - the right button was released at row 80, column 24.
1015 URXVT encoding This is similar to SGR encoding, but the final character is always M and the numbers are like in the Normal scheme, with 32 added. This scheme has no real advantage over the previous schemes and was added solely for completeness.

Alternate Character Sets

ESPTerm implements Alternate Character Sets as a way to print box drawing characters and special symbols. A character set can change what each received ASCII character is printed as on the screen (eg. "{" is "π" in codepage 0). The implementation is based on the original VT devices.

Since ESPTerm also supports UTF-8, this feature is the most useful for applications which can't print UTF-8 or already use alternate character sets for historical reasons.

Supported codepages

  • B - US ASCII (default)
  • A - UK ASCII: # replaced with £
  • 0 - Symbols and basic line drawing (standard DEC alternate character set)
  • 1 - Symbols and advanced line drawing (based on DOS codepage 437, ESPTerm specific)

All codepages use codes 32-127, 32 being space. A character with no entry in the active codepage stays unchanged.

Codepage 0

96`
97a
98b
99c
100d
101e
102f°
103g±
104h
105i
106j
107k
108l
109m
110n
111o
112p
113q
114r
115s
116t
117u
118v
119w
120x
121y
122z
123{π
124|
125}
126~·

Codepage 1

33!
34"
35#
36$
37%
38&
39'
40(
41)
42*
43+
44,
45-
46.
47/
480
491
502
513
524
535
546
557
568
579
58:
59;
60<
61=
62>
63?
64@
65A
66B
67C
68D
69E
70F
71G
72H
73I
74J
75K
76L
77M
78N
79O
80P
81Q
82R
83S
84T
85U
86V
87W
88X
89Y
90Z
91[
92\
93]
94^
95_
96`
97a
98b
99c
100d
101e
102f
103g
104h
105i
106j
107k
108l
109m
110n
111o
112p
113q
114rr
115ss
116tt
117uu
118vv
119ww
120xx
121yy
122zz
123{{
124||
125}
126~

Switching commands

There are two character set slots, G0 and G1. Those slots are selected as active using ASCII codes Shift In and Shift Out (those originally served for shifting a red-black typewriter tape). Often only G0 is used for simplicity.

Each slot (G0 and G1) can have a different codepage assigned. G0 and G1 and the active slot number are saved and restored with the cursor and cleared with a screen reset (\ec).

The following commands are used:

CodeMeaning
\e(x Set G0 = codepage x
\e)x Set G1 = codepage x
SO (14) Activate G0
SI (15) Activate G1

Commands: Style SGR

All text attributes are set using SGR commands like \e[1;4m, with up to 10 numbers separated by semicolons. To restore all attributes to their default states, use SGR 0: \e[0m or \e[m.

Those are the supported text attributes SGR codes:

StyleEnableDisable
Bold121, 22
Faint222
Italic323
Underlined424
Striked929
Overline5355
Blink525
Inverse727
𝔉𝔯𝔞𝔨𝔱𝔲𝔯2023
Conceal1828

1Conceal turns all characters invisible.

Commands: Color SGR

Colors are set using SGR commands (like \e[30;47m). The following tables list the SGR codes to use. Selected colors are used for any new text entered, as well as for empty space when using clearing commands (except screen reset \ec, which first clears all style attriutes. The configured default colors can be restored using SGR 39 for foreground and SGR 49 for background.

The actual color representation of the basic 16 colors depends on a color theme which can be selected in Terminal Settings.

Foreground colors

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

Background colors

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

256-color palette

ESPTerm supports in total 256 standard colors. The dark and bright basic colors are numbered 0-7 and 8-15. To use colors higher than 15 (or 0-15 using this simpler numbering), send CSI 38 ; 5 ; n m, where n is the color to set. Use 48 for background colors.

For a fererence of all 256 shades please refer to jonasjacek.github.io/colors or look it up elsewhere.

Commands: Cursor Functions

The coordinates are 1-based, origin is top left. The cursor can move within the entire screen, or in the active Scrolling Region if Origin Mode is enabled.

After writing a character, the cursor advances to the right. If it has reached the end of the row, it stays on the same line, but writing the next character makes it jump to the start of the next line first, scrolling up if needed. If Auto-wrap mode is disabled, the cursor never wraps or scrolls the screen.

Legend: Italic letters such as n are ASCII numbers that serve as arguments, separated with a semicolon. If an argument is left out, it's treated as 0 or 1, depending on what makes sense for the command.

Movement

CodeMeaning
\e[nA
\e[nB
\e[nC
\e[nD
Move cursor up (A), down (B), right (C), left (D)
\e[nF
\e[nE
Go n lines up (F) or down (E), start of line
\e[rd
\e[cG
\e[r;cH
Go to absolute position - row (d), column (G), or both (H). Use \e[H to go to 1,1.
\e[6n Query cursor position. Sent back as \e[r;cR.

Save / restore

CodeMeaning
\e[s
\e[u
Save (s) or restore (u) cursor position
\e7
\e8
Save (7) or restore (8) cursor position and attributes

Scrolling Region

CodeMeaning
\e[a;br Set scrolling region to rows a through b and go to 1,1. By default, the scrolling region spans the entire screen height. The cursor can leave the region using absolute position commands, unless Origin Mode (see below) is active.
\e[?6h
\e[?6l
Enable (h) or disable (l) Origin Mode and go to 1,1. In Origin Mode, all coordinates are relative to the Scrolling Region and the cursor can't leave the region.
\e[nS
\e[nT
Move contents of the Scrolling Region up (S) or down (T), pad with empty lines of the current background color. This is similar to what happens when AutoWrap is enabled and some text is printed at the very end of the screen.

Tab stops

CodeMeaning
\eH Set tab stop at the current column. There are, by default, tabs every 8 columns.
\e[nI
\e[nZ
Advance (I) or go back (Z) n tab stops or end/start of line. ASCII TAB (9) is equivalent to \e[1I
\e[0g
\e[3g
Clear tab stop at the current column (0), or all columns (3).

Other options

CodeMeaning
\e[?7h
\e[?7l
Enable (h) or disable (l) cursor auto-wrap and screen auto-scroll
\e[?12h
\e[?12l
Toggle cursor blinking (h on, l off)
\e[?25h
\e[?25l
Show (h) or hide (l) the cursor
\e[?45h
\e[?45l
Enable (h) or disable (l) reverse wrap-around (when using "move left" or backspace)

Commands: Screen Functions

Legend: Italic letters such as n are ASCII numbers that serve as arguments, separated with a semicolon. If an argument is left out, it's treated as 0 or 1, depending on what makes sense for the command.

CodeMeaning
\e[mJ Clear part of screen. m: 0 - from cursor, 1 - to cursor, 2 - all
\e[mK Erase part of line. m: 0 - from cursor, 1 - to cursor, 2 - all
\e[nX Erase n characters in line.
\e[nb Repeat last printed characters n times (moving cursor and using the current style).
\e[nL
\e[nM
Insert (L) or delete (M) n lines. Following lines are pulled up or pushed down.
\e[n@
\e[nP
Insert (@) or delete (P) n characters. The rest of the line is pulled left or pushed right. Characters going past the end of line are lost.

Commands: System Functions

It's possible to dynamically change the screen title text and action button labels. Setting an empty label to a button makes it look disabled. The buttons send ASCII 1-5 when clicked. Those changes are not retained after restart.

CodeMeaning
\ec Clear screen, reset attributes and cursor. The screen size, title and button labels remain unchanged.
\e[8;r;ct Set screen size to r rows and c columns (this is a command borrowed from Xterm)
\e[5n Query device status, ESPTerm replies with \e[0n "device is OK". Can be used to check if the terminal has booted up and is ready to receive commands.
CAN (24) This ASCII code is not a command, but is sent by ESPTerm when it becomes ready to receive commands. When this code is received on the UART, it means ESPTerm has restarted and is ready. Use this to detect spontaneous restarts which require a full screen repaint.
\e[n q Set cursor style: eg. \e[3 q (the space is part of the command!). 0 - block (blink), 1 - default, 2 - block (steady), 3 - underline (blink), 4 - underline (steady), 5 - I-bar (blink), 6 - I-bar (steady). The default style (number 1) can be configured in Terminal Settings
\e]0;t\a Set screen title to t (this is a standard OSC command)
\e]8x;t\a Set label for button 1-5 (code 81-85) to t - e.g.\e]81;Yes\a sets the first button text to "Yes".
\e]9x;m\a Set message for button 1-5 (code 91-95) to m - e.g.\e]94;\a sets the 3rd button to send "" when pressed. The message can be up to 10 bytes long.
\e]9;t\a Show a notification with text t. This will be either a desktop notification or a pop-up balloon.
\e[?ns
\e[?nr
Save (s) and restore (r) any option set using CSI ? n h. This is used by some applications to back up the original state before making changes.
\e[?800h
\e[?800l
Show (h) or hide (l) the action buttons (the blue buttons under the screen).
\e[?801h
\e[?801l
Show (h) or hide (l) menu/help links under the screen.
\e[?2004h
\e[?2004l
Enable (h) or disable (l) Bracketed Paste mode. This mode makes any text sent using the Upload Tool be preceded by \e[200~ and terminated by \e[201~. This is useful for distinguishing keyboard input from uploads.
\e[?1049h
\e[?1049l
Switch to (h) or from (l) an alternate screen. ESPTerm can't implement this fully, so the original screen content is not saved, but it will remember the cursor, screen size, terminal title, button labels and messages.
\e[12h
\e[12l
Enable (h) or disable (l) Send-Receive Mode (SRM). SRM is the opposite of Local Echo, meaning \e[12h disables and \e[12l enables Local Echo.