utils: convenience functions

Signed-off-by: Steve Markgraf <steve@steve-m.de>

src/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -47,10 +47,17 @@ add_library(rtlsdr_static STATIC
     tuner_r82xx.c
 )
 
+add_library(convenience_static STATIC
+    convenience/convenience.c
+)
+
 if(WIN32)
 add_library(libgetopt_static STATIC
     getopt/getopt.c
 )
+target_link_libraries(convenience_static
+    rtlsdr_shared
+)
 endif()
 
 target_link_libraries(rtlsdr_static
@@ -76,31 +83,31 @@ add_executable(rtl_adsb rtl_adsb.c)
 add_executable(rtl_power rtl_power.c)
 set(INSTALL_TARGETS rtlsdr_shared rtlsdr_static rtl_sdr rtl_tcp rtl_test rtl_fm rtl_eeprom rtl_adsb rtl_power)
 
-target_link_libraries(rtl_sdr rtlsdr_shared
+target_link_libraries(rtl_sdr rtlsdr_shared convenience_static
     ${LIBUSB_LIBRARIES}
     ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT}
 )
-target_link_libraries(rtl_tcp rtlsdr_shared
+target_link_libraries(rtl_tcp rtlsdr_shared convenience_static
     ${LIBUSB_LIBRARIES}
     ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT}
 )
-target_link_libraries(rtl_test rtlsdr_shared
+target_link_libraries(rtl_test rtlsdr_shared convenience_static
     ${LIBUSB_LIBRARIES}
     ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT}
 )
-target_link_libraries(rtl_fm rtlsdr_shared
+target_link_libraries(rtl_fm rtlsdr_shared convenience_static
     ${LIBUSB_LIBRARIES}
     ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT}
 )
-target_link_libraries(rtl_eeprom rtlsdr_shared
+target_link_libraries(rtl_eeprom rtlsdr_shared convenience_static
     ${LIBUSB_LIBRARIES}
     ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT}
 )
-target_link_libraries(rtl_adsb rtlsdr_shared
+target_link_libraries(rtl_adsb rtlsdr_shared convenience_static
     ${LIBUSB_LIBRARIES}
     ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT}
 )
-target_link_libraries(rtl_power rtlsdr_shared
+target_link_libraries(rtl_power rtlsdr_shared convenience_static
     ${LIBUSB_LIBRARIES}
     ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT}
 )

src/Makefile.am

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 # Please read Chapter 6 "Library interface versions" of the libtool documentation before making any modification
 LIBVERSION=0:5:0
 
+AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = subdir-objects
 INCLUDES = $(all_includes) -I$(top_srcdir)/include
 AM_CFLAGS = ${CFLAGS} -fPIC ${SYMBOL_VISIBILITY}
 
@@ -12,23 +13,23 @@ librtlsdr_la_LDFLAGS = -version-info $(LIBVERSION)
 
 bin_PROGRAMS         = rtl_sdr rtl_tcp rtl_test rtl_fm rtl_eeprom rtl_adsb rtl_power
 
-rtl_sdr_SOURCES      = rtl_sdr.c
+rtl_sdr_SOURCES      = rtl_sdr.c convenience/convenience.c
 rtl_sdr_LDADD        = librtlsdr.la
 
-rtl_tcp_SOURCES      = rtl_tcp.c
+rtl_tcp_SOURCES      = rtl_tcp.c convenience/convenience.c
 rtl_tcp_LDADD        = librtlsdr.la
 
-rtl_test_SOURCES      = rtl_test.c
+rtl_test_SOURCES      = rtl_test.c convenience/convenience.c
 rtl_test_LDADD        = librtlsdr.la $(LIBM)
 
-rtl_fm_SOURCES      = rtl_fm.c
+rtl_fm_SOURCES      = rtl_fm.c convenience/convenience.c
 rtl_fm_LDADD        = librtlsdr.la $(LIBM)
 
-rtl_eeprom_SOURCES      = rtl_eeprom.c
+rtl_eeprom_SOURCES      = rtl_eeprom.c convenience/convenience.c
 rtl_eeprom_LDADD        = librtlsdr.la $(LIBM)
 
-rtl_adsb_SOURCES      = rtl_adsb.c
+rtl_adsb_SOURCES      = rtl_adsb.c convenience/convenience.c
 rtl_adsb_LDADD        = librtlsdr.la $(LIBM)
 
-rtl_power_SOURCES     = rtl_power.c
+rtl_power_SOURCES     = rtl_power.c convenience/convenience.c
 rtl_power_LDADD       = librtlsdr.la $(LIBM)

src/convenience/convenience.c

@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 by Kyle Keen <keenerd@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+/* a collection of user friendly tools
+ * todo: use strtol for more flexible int parsing
+ * */
+
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#include <unistd.h>
+#else
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <io.h>
+#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
+#endif
+
+#include <math.h>
+
+#include "rtl-sdr.h"
+
+double atofs(char *s)
+/* standard suffixes */
+{
+	char last;
+	int len;
+	double suff = 1.0;
+	len = strlen(s);
+	last = s[len-1];
+	s[len-1] = '\0';
+	switch (last) {
+		case 'g':
+		case 'G':
+			suff *= 1e3;
+		case 'm':
+		case 'M':
+			suff *= 1e3;
+		case 'k':
+		case 'K':
+			suff *= 1e3;
+			suff *= atof(s);
+			s[len-1] = last;
+			return suff;
+	}
+	s[len-1] = last;
+	return atof(s);
+}
+
+double atoft(char *s)
+/* time suffixes, returns seconds */
+{
+	char last;
+	int len;
+	double suff = 1.0;
+	len = strlen(s);
+	last = s[len-1];
+	s[len-1] = '\0';
+	switch (last) {
+		case 'h':
+		case 'H':
+			suff *= 60;
+		case 'm':
+		case 'M':
+			suff *= 60;
+		case 's':
+		case 'S':
+			suff *= atof(s);
+			s[len-1] = last;
+			return suff;
+	}
+	s[len-1] = last;
+	return atof(s);
+}
+
+double atofp(char *s)
+/* percent suffixes */
+{
+	char last;
+	int len;
+	double suff = 1.0;
+	len = strlen(s);
+	last = s[len-1];
+	s[len-1] = '\0';
+	switch (last) {
+		case '%':
+			suff *= 0.01;
+			suff *= atof(s);
+			s[len-1] = last;
+			return suff;
+	}
+	s[len-1] = last;
+	return atof(s);
+}
+
+int nearest_gain(rtlsdr_dev_t *dev, int target_gain)
+{
+	int i, r, err1, err2, count, nearest;
+	int* gains;
+	r = rtlsdr_set_tuner_gain_mode(dev, 1);
+	if (r < 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to enable manual gain.\n");
+		return r;
+	}
+	count = rtlsdr_get_tuner_gains(dev, NULL);
+	if (count <= 0) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+	gains = malloc(sizeof(int) * count);
+	count = rtlsdr_get_tuner_gains(dev, gains);
+	nearest = gains[0];
+	for (i=0; i<count; i++) {
+		err1 = abs(target_gain - nearest);
+		err2 = abs(target_gain - gains[i]);
+		if (err2 < err1) {
+			nearest = gains[i];
+		}
+	}
+	free(gains);
+	return nearest;
+}
+
+int verbose_set_frequency(rtlsdr_dev_t *dev, uint32_t frequency)
+{
+	int r;
+	r = rtlsdr_set_center_freq(dev, frequency);
+	if (r < 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to set center freq.\n");
+	} else {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Tuned to %u Hz.\n", frequency);
+	}
+	return r;
+}
+
+int verbose_set_sample_rate(rtlsdr_dev_t *dev, uint32_t samp_rate)
+{
+	int r;
+	r = rtlsdr_set_sample_rate(dev, samp_rate);
+	if (r < 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to set sample rate.\n");
+	} else {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Sampling at %u S/s.\n", samp_rate);
+	}
+	return r;
+}
+
+int verbose_direct_sampling(rtlsdr_dev_t *dev, int on)
+{
+	int r;
+	r = rtlsdr_set_direct_sampling(dev, on);
+	if (r != 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to set direct sampling mode.\n");
+		return r;
+	}
+	if (on == 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Direct sampling mode disabled.\n");}
+	if (on == 1) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Enabled direct sampling mode, input 1/I.\n");}
+	if (on == 2) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Enabled direct sampling mode, input 2/Q.\n");}
+	return r;
+}
+
+int verbose_offset_tuning(rtlsdr_dev_t *dev)
+{
+	int r;
+	r = rtlsdr_set_offset_tuning(dev, 1);
+	if (r != 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to set offset tuning.\n");
+	} else {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Offset tuning mode enabled.\n");
+	}
+	return r;
+}
+
+int verbose_auto_gain(rtlsdr_dev_t *dev)
+{
+	int r;
+	r = rtlsdr_set_tuner_gain_mode(dev, 0);
+	if (r != 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to set tuner gain.\n");
+	} else {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Tuner gain set to automatic.\n");
+	}
+	return r;
+}
+
+int verbose_gain_set(rtlsdr_dev_t *dev, int gain)
+{
+	int r;
+	r = rtlsdr_set_tuner_gain_mode(dev, 1);
+	if (r < 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to enable manual gain.\n");
+		return r;
+	}
+	r = rtlsdr_set_tuner_gain(dev, gain);
+	if (r != 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to set tuner gain.\n");
+	} else {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Tuner gain set to %0.2f dB.\n", gain/10.0);
+	}
+	return r;
+}
+
+int verbose_ppm_set(rtlsdr_dev_t *dev, int ppm_error)
+{
+	int r;
+	if (ppm_error == 0) {
+		return 0;}
+	r = rtlsdr_set_freq_correction(dev, ppm_error);
+	if (r < 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to set ppm error.\n");
+	} else {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Tuner error set to %i ppm.\n", ppm_error);
+	}
+	return r;
+}
+
+int verbose_reset_buffer(rtlsdr_dev_t *dev)
+{
+	int r;
+	r = rtlsdr_reset_buffer(dev);
+	if (r < 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to reset buffers.\n");}
+	return r;
+}
+
+int verbose_device_search(char *s)
+{
+	int i, device_count, device, offset;
+	char *s2;
+	char vendor[256], product[256], serial[256];
+	device_count = rtlsdr_get_device_count();
+	if (!device_count) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "No supported devices found.\n");
+		return -1;
+	}
+	fprintf(stderr, "Found %d device(s):\n", device_count);
+	for (i = 0; i < device_count; i++) {
+		rtlsdr_get_device_usb_strings(i, vendor, product, serial);
+		fprintf(stderr, "  %d:  %s, %s, SN: %s\n", i, vendor, product, serial);
+	}
+	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+	/* does string look like raw id number */
+	device = (int)strtol(s, &s2, 0);
+	if (s2[0] == '\0' && device >= 0 && device < device_count) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Using device %d: %s\n",
+			device, rtlsdr_get_device_name((uint32_t)device));
+		return device;
+	}
+	/* does string exact match a serial */
+	for (i = 0; i < device_count; i++) {
+		rtlsdr_get_device_usb_strings(i, vendor, product, serial);
+		if (strcmp(s, serial) != 0) {
+			continue;}
+		device = i;
+		fprintf(stderr, "Using device %d: %s\n",
+			device, rtlsdr_get_device_name((uint32_t)device));
+		return device;
+	}
+	/* does string prefix match a serial */
+	for (i = 0; i < device_count; i++) {
+		rtlsdr_get_device_usb_strings(i, vendor, product, serial);
+		if (strncmp(s, serial, strlen(s)) != 0) {
+			continue;}
+		device = i;
+		fprintf(stderr, "Using device %d: %s\n",
+			device, rtlsdr_get_device_name((uint32_t)device));
+		return device;
+	}
+	/* does string suffix match a serial */
+	for (i = 0; i < device_count; i++) {
+		rtlsdr_get_device_usb_strings(i, vendor, product, serial);
+		offset = strlen(serial) - strlen(s);
+		if (offset < 0) {
+			continue;}
+		if (strncmp(s, serial+offset, strlen(s)) != 0) {
+			continue;}
+		device = i;
+		fprintf(stderr, "Using device %d: %s\n",
+			device, rtlsdr_get_device_name((uint32_t)device));
+		return device;
+	}
+	fprintf(stderr, "No matching devices found.\n");
+	return -1;
+}
+
+// vim: tabstop=8:softtabstop=8:shiftwidth=8:noexpandtab

src/convenience/convenience.h

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 by Kyle Keen <keenerd@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+/* a collection of user friendly tools */
+
+/*!
+ * Convert standard suffixes (k, M, G) to double
+ *
+ * \param s a string to be parsed
+ * \return double
+ */
+
+double atofs(char *s);
+
+/*!
+ * Convert time suffixes (s, m, h) to double
+ *
+ * \param s a string to be parsed
+ * \return seconds as double
+ */
+
+double atoft(char *s);
+
+/*!
+ * Convert percent suffixe (%) to double
+ *
+ * \param s a string to be parsed
+ * \return double
+ */
+
+double atofp(char *s);
+
+/*!
+ * Find nearest supported gain
+ *
+ * \param dev the device handle given by rtlsdr_open()
+ * \param target_gain in tenths of a dB
+ * \return 0 on success
+ */
+
+int nearest_gain(rtlsdr_dev_t *dev, int target_gain);
+
+/*!
+ * Set device frequency and report status on stderr
+ *
+ * \param dev the device handle given by rtlsdr_open()
+ * \param frequency in Hz
+ * \return 0 on success
+ */
+
+int verbose_set_frequency(rtlsdr_dev_t *dev, uint32_t frequency);
+
+/*!
+ * Set device sample rate and report status on stderr
+ *
+ * \param dev the device handle given by rtlsdr_open()
+ * \param samp_rate in samples/second
+ * \return 0 on success
+ */
+
+int verbose_set_sample_rate(rtlsdr_dev_t *dev, uint32_t samp_rate);
+
+/*!
+ * Enable or disable the direct sampling mode and report status on stderr
+ *
+ * \param dev the device handle given by rtlsdr_open()
+ * \param on 0 means disabled, 1 I-ADC input enabled, 2 Q-ADC input enabled
+ * \return 0 on success
+ */
+
+int verbose_direct_sampling(rtlsdr_dev_t *dev, int on);
+
+/*!
+ * Enable offset tuning and report status on stderr
+ *
+ * \param dev the device handle given by rtlsdr_open()
+ * \return 0 on success
+ */
+
+int verbose_offset_tuning(rtlsdr_dev_t *dev);
+
+/*!
+ * Enable auto gain and report status on stderr
+ *
+ * \param dev the device handle given by rtlsdr_open()
+ * \return 0 on success
+ */
+
+int verbose_auto_gain(rtlsdr_dev_t *dev);
+
+/*!
+ * Set tuner gain and report status on stderr
+ *
+ * \param dev the device handle given by rtlsdr_open()
+ * \param gain in tenths of a dB
+ * \return 0 on success
+ */
+
+int verbose_gain_set(rtlsdr_dev_t *dev, int gain);
+
+/*!
+ * Set the frequency correction value for the device and report status on stderr.
+ *
+ * \param dev the device handle given by rtlsdr_open()
+ * \param ppm_error correction value in parts per million (ppm)
+ * \return 0 on success
+ */
+
+int verbose_ppm_set(rtlsdr_dev_t *dev, int ppm_error);
+
+/*!
+ * Reset buffer
+ *
+ * \param dev the device handle given by rtlsdr_open()
+ * \return 0 on success
+ */
+
+int verbose_reset_buffer(rtlsdr_dev_t *dev);
+
+/*!
+ * Find the closest matching device.
+ *
+ * \param s a string to be parsed
+ * \return dev_index int, -1 on error
+ */
+
+int verbose_device_search(char *s);
+

src/rtl_adsb.c

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 #include <libusb.h>
 
 #include "rtl-sdr.h"
+#include "convenience/convenience.h"
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
 #define sleep Sleep
@@ -362,10 +363,9 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	char *filename = NULL;
 	int n_read, r, opt;
 	int i, gain = AUTO_GAIN; /* tenths of a dB */
-	uint32_t dev_index = 0;
+	int dev_index = 0;
-	int device_count;
+	int dev_given = 0;
 	int ppm_error = 0;
-	char vendor[256], product[256], serial[256];
 	pthread_mutex_init(&data_ready, NULL);
 	squares_precompute();
 
@@ -373,7 +373,8 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	{
 		switch (opt) {
 		case 'd':
-			dev_index = atoi(optarg);
+			dev_index = verbose_device_search(optarg);
+			dev_given = 1;
 			break;
 		case 'g':
 			gain = (int)(atof(optarg) * 10);
@@ -407,23 +408,15 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
 	buffer = malloc(DEFAULT_BUF_LENGTH * sizeof(uint8_t));
 
-	device_count = rtlsdr_get_device_count();
+	if (!dev_given) {
-	if (!device_count) {
+		dev_index = verbose_device_search("0");
-		fprintf(stderr, "No supported devices found.\n");
-		exit(1);
 	}
 
-	fprintf(stderr, "Found %d device(s):\n", device_count);
+	if (dev_index < 0) {
-	for (i = 0; i < device_count; i++) {
+		exit(1);
-		rtlsdr_get_device_usb_strings(i, vendor, product, serial);
-		fprintf(stderr, "  %d:  %s, %s, SN: %s\n", i, vendor, product, serial);
 	}
-	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
-
-	fprintf(stderr, "Using device %d: %s\n",
-		dev_index, rtlsdr_get_device_name(dev_index));
 
-	r = rtlsdr_open(&dev, dev_index);
+	r = rtlsdr_open(&dev, (uint32_t)dev_index);
 	if (r < 0) {
 		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open rtlsdr device #%d.\n", dev_index);
 		exit(1);
@@ -456,50 +449,29 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
 	/* Set the tuner gain */
 	if (gain == AUTO_GAIN) {
-		r = rtlsdr_set_tuner_gain_mode(dev, 0);
+		verbose_auto_gain(dev);
 	} else {
-		r = rtlsdr_set_tuner_gain_mode(dev, 1);
+		gain = nearest_gain(dev, gain);
-		r = rtlsdr_set_tuner_gain(dev, gain);
+		verbose_gain_set(dev, gain);
-	}
-	if (r != 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to set tuner gain.\n");
-	} else if (gain == AUTO_GAIN) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Tuner gain set to automatic.\n");
-	} else {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Tuner gain set to %0.2f dB.\n", gain/10.0);
 	}
 
-	r = rtlsdr_set_freq_correction(dev, ppm_error);
+	verbose_ppm_set(dev, ppm_error);
 	r = rtlsdr_set_agc_mode(dev, 1);
 
 	/* Set the tuner frequency */
-	r = rtlsdr_set_center_freq(dev, ADSB_FREQ);
+	verbose_set_frequency(dev, ADSB_FREQ);
-	if (r < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to set center freq.\n");}
-	else {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Tuned to %u Hz.\n", ADSB_FREQ);}
 
 	/* Set the sample rate */
-	fprintf(stderr, "Sampling at %u Hz.\n", ADSB_RATE);
+	verbose_set_sample_rate(dev, ADSB_RATE);
-	r = rtlsdr_set_sample_rate(dev, ADSB_RATE);
-	if (r < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to set sample rate.\n");}
 
 	/* Reset endpoint before we start reading from it (mandatory) */
-	r = rtlsdr_reset_buffer(dev);
+	verbose_reset_buffer(dev);
-	if (r < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to reset buffers.\n");}
-
-	/* flush old junk */
-	sleep(1);
-	rtlsdr_read_sync(dev, NULL, 4096, NULL);
 
 	pthread_create(&demod_thread, NULL, demod_thread_fn, (void *)(NULL));
 	rtlsdr_read_async(dev, rtlsdr_callback, (void *)(NULL),
 			      DEFAULT_ASYNC_BUF_NUMBER,
 			      DEFAULT_BUF_LENGTH);
 
-
 	if (do_exit) {
 		fprintf(stderr, "\nUser cancel, exiting...\n");}
 	else {

src/rtl_fm.c

@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@
 #include <libusb.h>
 
 #include "rtl-sdr.h"
+#include "convenience/convenience.h"
 
 #define DEFAULT_SAMPLE_RATE		24000
 #define DEFAULT_ASYNC_BUF_NUMBER	32
@@ -197,6 +198,13 @@ static void sighandler(int signum)
 #define safe_cond_signal(n, m) pthread_mutex_lock(m); pthread_cond_signal(n); pthread_mutex_unlock(m)
 #define safe_cond_wait(n, m) pthread_mutex_lock(m); pthread_cond_wait(n, m); pthread_mutex_unlock(m)
 
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+double log2(double n)
+{
+	return log(n) / log(2.0);
+}
+#endif
+
 void rotate_90(unsigned char *buf, uint32_t len)
 /* 90 rotation is 1+0j, 0+1j, -1+0j, 0-1j
    or [0, 1, -3, 2, -4, -5, 7, -6] */
@@ -699,33 +707,6 @@ static void *demod_thread_fn(void *arg)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-double atofs(char *f)
-/* standard suffixes */
-{
-	char last;
-	int len;
-	double suff = 1.0;
-	len = strlen(f);
-	last = f[len-1];
-	f[len-1] = '\0';
-	switch (last) {
-		case 'g':
-		case 'G':
-			suff *= 1e3;
-		case 'm':
-		case 'M':
-			suff *= 1e3;
-		case 'k':
-		case 'K':
-			suff *= 1e3;
-			suff *= atof(f);
-			f[len-1] = last;
-			return suff;
-	}
-	f[len-1] = last;
-	return atof(f);
-}
-
 void frequency_range(struct fm_state *fm, char *arg)
 {
 	char *start, *stop, *step;
@@ -746,27 +727,6 @@ void frequency_range(struct fm_state *fm, char *arg)
 	step[-1] = ':';
 }
 
-int nearest_gain(int target_gain)
-{
-	int i, err1, err2, count, close_gain;
-	int* gains;
-	count = rtlsdr_get_tuner_gains(dev, NULL);
-	if (count <= 0) {
-		return 0;
-	}
-	gains = malloc(sizeof(int) * count);
-	count = rtlsdr_get_tuner_gains(dev, gains);
-	close_gain = gains[0];
-	for (i=0; i<count; i++) {
-		err1 = abs(target_gain - close_gain);
-		err2 = abs(target_gain - gains[i]);
-		if (err2 < err1) {
-			close_gain = gains[i];
-		}
-	}
-	free(gains);
-	return close_gain;
-}
 
 void fm_init(struct fm_state *fm)
 {
@@ -803,8 +763,8 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	int n_read, r, opt, wb_mode = 0;
 	int i, gain = AUTO_GAIN; // tenths of a dB
 	uint8_t *buffer;
-	uint32_t dev_index = 0;
+	int32_t dev_index = 0;
-	int device_count;
+	int dev_given = 0;
 	int ppm_error = 0;
 	char vendor[256], product[256], serial[256];
 	fm_init(&fm);
@@ -815,7 +775,8 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "d:f:g:s:b:l:o:t:r:p:EFA:NWMULRDCh")) != -1) {
 		switch (opt) {
 		case 'd':
-			dev_index = atoi(optarg);
+			dev_index = verbose_device_search(optarg);
+			dev_given = 1;
 			break;
 		case 'f':
 			if (fm.freq_len >= FREQUENCIES_LIMIT) {
@@ -938,18 +899,9 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	ACTUAL_BUF_LENGTH = lcm_post[fm.post_downsample] * DEFAULT_BUF_LENGTH;
 	buffer = malloc(ACTUAL_BUF_LENGTH * sizeof(uint8_t));
 
-	device_count = rtlsdr_get_device_count();
+	if (!dev_given) {
-	if (!device_count) {
+		dev_index = verbose_device_search("0");
-		fprintf(stderr, "No supported devices found.\n");
-		exit(1);
-	}
-
-	fprintf(stderr, "Found %d device(s):\n", device_count);
-	for (i = 0; i < device_count; i++) {
-		rtlsdr_get_device_usb_strings(i, vendor, product, serial);
-		fprintf(stderr, "  %d:  %s, %s, SN: %s\n", i, vendor, product, serial);
 	}
-	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 
 	fprintf(stderr, "Using device %d: %s\n",
 		dev_index, rtlsdr_get_device_name(dev_index));
@@ -987,20 +939,13 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
 	/* Set the tuner gain */
 	if (gain == AUTO_GAIN) {
-		r = rtlsdr_set_tuner_gain_mode(dev, 0);
+		verbose_auto_gain(dev);
-	} else {
-		r = rtlsdr_set_tuner_gain_mode(dev, 1);
-		gain = nearest_gain(gain);
-		r = rtlsdr_set_tuner_gain(dev, gain);
-	}
-	if (r != 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to set tuner gain.\n");
-	} else if (gain == AUTO_GAIN) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Tuner gain set to automatic.\n");
 	} else {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Tuner gain set to %0.2f dB.\n", gain/10.0);
+		gain = nearest_gain(dev, gain);
+		verbose_gain_set(dev, gain);
 	}
-	r = rtlsdr_set_freq_correction(dev, ppm_error);
+
+	verbose_ppm_set(dev, ppm_error);
 
 	if (strcmp(filename, "-") == 0) { /* Write samples to stdout */
 		fm.file = stdout;
@@ -1016,9 +961,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	}
 
 	/* Reset endpoint before we start reading from it (mandatory) */
-	r = rtlsdr_reset_buffer(dev);
+	verbose_reset_buffer(dev);
-	if (r < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to reset buffers.\n");}
 
 	pthread_create(&demod_thread, NULL, demod_thread_fn, (void *)(&fm));
 	/*rtlsdr_read_async(dev, rtlsdr_callback, (void *)(&fm),

src/rtl_power.c

@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
 #include <libusb.h>
 
 #include "rtl-sdr.h"
+#include "convenience/convenience.h"
 
 #define MAX(x, y) (((x) > (y)) ? (x) : (y))
 
@@ -424,101 +425,6 @@ void rms_power(struct tuning_state *ts)
 	ts->samples += 1;
 }
 
-double atofs(char *f)
-/* standard suffixes */
-{
-	char last;
-	int len;
-	double suff = 1.0;
-	len = strlen(f);
-	last = f[len-1];
-	f[len-1] = '\0';
-	switch (last) {
-		case 'g':
-		case 'G':
-			suff *= 1e3;
-		case 'm':
-		case 'M':
-			suff *= 1e3;
-		case 'k':
-		case 'K':
-			suff *= 1e3;
-			suff *= atof(f);
-			f[len-1] = last;
-			return suff;
-	}
-	f[len-1] = last;
-	return atof(f);
-}
-
-double atoft(char *f)
-/* time suffixes */
-{
-	char last;
-	int len;
-	double suff = 1.0;
-	len = strlen(f);
-	last = f[len-1];
-	f[len-1] = '\0';
-	switch (last) {
-		case 'h':
-		case 'H':
-			suff *= 60;
-		case 'm':
-		case 'M':
-			suff *= 60;
-		case 's':
-		case 'S':
-			suff *= atof(f);
-			f[len-1] = last;
-			return suff;
-	}
-	f[len-1] = last;
-	return atof(f);
-}
-
-double atofp(char *f)
-/* percent suffixes */
-{
-	char last;
-	int len;
-	double suff = 1.0;
-	len = strlen(f);
-	last = f[len-1];
-	f[len-1] = '\0';
-	switch (last) {
-		case '%':
-			suff *= 0.01;
-			suff *= atof(f);
-			f[len-1] = last;
-			return suff;
-	}
-	f[len-1] = last;
-	return atof(f);
-}
-
-int nearest_gain(int target_gain)
-{
-	int i, err1, err2, count, close_gain;
-	int* gains;
-	count = rtlsdr_get_tuner_gains(dev, NULL);
-	if (count <= 0) {
-		return 0;
-	}
-	gains = malloc(sizeof(int) * count);
-	count = rtlsdr_get_tuner_gains(dev, gains);
-	close_gain = gains[0];
-	for (i=0; i<count; i++) {
-		err1 = abs(target_gain - close_gain);
-		err2 = abs(target_gain - gains[i]);
-		if (err2 < err1) {
-			close_gain = gains[i];
-		}
-	}
-	free(gains);
-	return close_gain;
-}
-
 void frequency_range(char *arg, double crop)
 /* flesh out the tunes[] for scanning */
 // do we want the fewest ranges (easy) or the fewest bins (harder)?
@@ -852,8 +758,8 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	int f_set = 0;
 	int gain = AUTO_GAIN; // tenths of a dB
 	uint8_t *buffer;
-	uint32_t dev_index = 0;
+	int dev_index = 0;
-	int device_count;
+	int dev_given = 0;
 	int ppm_error = 0;
 	int interval = 10;
 	int fft_threads = 1;
@@ -862,7 +768,6 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	int direct_sampling = 0;
 	int offset_tuning = 0;
 	double crop = 0.0;
-	char vendor[256], product[256], serial[256];
 	char *freq_optarg;
 	time_t next_tick;
 	time_t time_now;
@@ -879,7 +784,8 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 			f_set = 1;
 			break;
 		case 'd':
-			dev_index = atoi(optarg);
+			dev_index = verbose_device_search(optarg);
+			dev_given = 1;
 			break;
 		case 'g':
 			gain = (int)(atof(optarg) * 10);
@@ -972,23 +878,15 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
 	fprintf(stderr, "Reporting every %i seconds\n", interval);
 
-	device_count = rtlsdr_get_device_count();
+	if (!dev_given) {
-	if (!device_count) {
+		dev_index = verbose_device_search("0");
-		fprintf(stderr, "No supported devices found.\n");
-		exit(1);
 	}
 
-	fprintf(stderr, "Found %d device(s):\n", device_count);
+	if (dev_index < 0) {
-	for (i = 0; i < device_count; i++) {
+		exit(1);
-		rtlsdr_get_device_usb_strings(i, vendor, product, serial);
-		fprintf(stderr, "  %d:  %s, %s, SN: %s\n", i, vendor, product, serial);
 	}
-	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 
-	fprintf(stderr, "Using device %d: %s\n",
+	r = rtlsdr_open(&dev, (uint32_t)dev_index);
-		dev_index, rtlsdr_get_device_name(dev_index));
-
-	r = rtlsdr_open(&dev, dev_index);
 	if (r < 0) {
 		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open rtlsdr device #%d.\n", dev_index);
 		exit(1);
@@ -1006,39 +904,22 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 #endif
 
 	if (direct_sampling) {
-		r = rtlsdr_set_direct_sampling(dev, 1);
+		verbose_direct_sampling(dev, 1);
-		if (r != 0) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to set direct sampling mode.\n");
-		} else {
-			fprintf(stderr, "Direct sampling mode enabled.\n");
-		}
 	}
 
 	if (offset_tuning) {
-		r = rtlsdr_set_offset_tuning(dev, 1);
+		verbose_offset_tuning(dev);
-		if (r != 0) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to set offset tuning.\n");
-		} else {
-			fprintf(stderr, "Offset tuning mode enabled.\n");
-		}
 	}
 
 	/* Set the tuner gain */
 	if (gain == AUTO_GAIN) {
-		r = rtlsdr_set_tuner_gain_mode(dev, 0);
+		verbose_auto_gain(dev);
 	} else {
-		r = rtlsdr_set_tuner_gain_mode(dev, 1);
+		gain = nearest_gain(dev, gain);
-		gain = nearest_gain(gain);
+		verbose_gain_set(dev, gain);
-		r = rtlsdr_set_tuner_gain(dev, gain);
 	}
-	if (r != 0) {
+
-		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to set tuner gain.\n");
+	verbose_ppm_set(dev, ppm_error);
-	} else if (gain == AUTO_GAIN) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Tuner gain set to automatic.\n");
-	} else {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Tuner gain set to %0.2f dB.\n", gain/10.0);
-	}
-	r = rtlsdr_set_freq_correction(dev, ppm_error);
 
 	if (strcmp(filename, "-") == 0) { /* Write log to stdout */
 		file = stdout;
@@ -1055,9 +936,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	}
 
 	/* Reset endpoint before we start reading from it (mandatory) */
-	r = rtlsdr_reset_buffer(dev);
+	verbose_reset_buffer(dev);
-	if (r < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to reset buffers.\n");}
 
 	/* actually do stuff */
 	rtlsdr_set_sample_rate(dev, (uint32_t)tunes[0].rate);

src/rtl_sdr.c

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #endif
 
 #include "rtl-sdr.h"
+#include "convenience/convenience.h"
 
 #define DEFAULT_SAMPLE_RATE		2048000
 #define DEFAULT_ASYNC_BUF_NUMBER	32
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@ void usage(void)
 		"\t[-s samplerate (default: 2048000 Hz)]\n"
 		"\t[-d device_index (default: 0)]\n"
 		"\t[-g gain (default: 0 for auto)]\n"
+		"\t[-p ppm_error (default: 0)]\n"
 		"\t[-b output_block_size (default: 16 * 16384)]\n"
 		"\t[-n number of samples to read (default: 0, infinite)]\n"
 		"\t[-S force sync output (default: async)]\n"
@@ -110,29 +112,33 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	int n_read;
 	int r, opt;
 	int i, gain = 0;
+	int ppm_error = 0;
 	int sync_mode = 0;
 	FILE *file;
 	uint8_t *buffer;
-	uint32_t dev_index = 0;
+	int dev_index = 0;
+	int dev_given = 0;
 	uint32_t frequency = 100000000;
 	uint32_t samp_rate = DEFAULT_SAMPLE_RATE;
 	uint32_t out_block_size = DEFAULT_BUF_LENGTH;
-	int device_count;
-	char vendor[256], product[256], serial[256];
 
-	while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "d:f:g:s:b:n:S::")) != -1) {
+	while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "d:f:g:s:b:n:p:S::")) != -1) {
 		switch (opt) {
 		case 'd':
-			dev_index = atoi(optarg);
+			dev_index = verbose_device_search(optarg);
+			dev_given = 1;
 			break;
 		case 'f':
-			frequency = (uint32_t)atof(optarg);
+			frequency = (uint32_t)atofs(optarg);
 			break;
 		case 'g':
 			gain = (int)(atof(optarg) * 10); /* tenths of a dB */
 			break;
 		case 's':
-			samp_rate = (uint32_t)atof(optarg);
+			samp_rate = (uint32_t)atofs(optarg);
+			break;
+		case 'p':
+			ppm_error = atoi(optarg);
 			break;
 		case 'b':
 			out_block_size = (uint32_t)atof(optarg);
@@ -168,23 +174,15 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
 	buffer = malloc(out_block_size * sizeof(uint8_t));
 
-	device_count = rtlsdr_get_device_count();
+	if (!dev_given) {
-	if (!device_count) {
+		dev_index = verbose_device_search("0");
-		fprintf(stderr, "No supported devices found.\n");
-		exit(1);
 	}
 
-	fprintf(stderr, "Found %d device(s):\n", device_count);
+	if (dev_index < 0) {
-	for (i = 0; i < device_count; i++) {
+		exit(1);
-		rtlsdr_get_device_usb_strings(i, vendor, product, serial);
-		fprintf(stderr, "  %d:  %s, %s, SN: %s\n", i, vendor, product, serial);
 	}
-	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 
-	fprintf(stderr, "Using device %d: %s\n",
+	r = rtlsdr_open(&dev, (uint32_t)dev_index);
-		dev_index, rtlsdr_get_device_name(dev_index));
-
-	r = rtlsdr_open(&dev, dev_index);
 	if (r < 0) {
 		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open rtlsdr device #%d.\n", dev_index);
 		exit(1);
@@ -201,36 +199,22 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	SetConsoleCtrlHandler( (PHANDLER_ROUTINE) sighandler, TRUE );
 #endif
 	/* Set the sample rate */
-	r = rtlsdr_set_sample_rate(dev, samp_rate);
+	verbose_set_sample_rate(dev, samp_rate);
-	if (r < 0)
-		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to set sample rate.\n");
 
 	/* Set the frequency */
-	r = rtlsdr_set_center_freq(dev, frequency);
+	verbose_set_frequency(dev, frequency);
-	if (r < 0)
-		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to set center freq.\n");
-	else
-		fprintf(stderr, "Tuned to %u Hz.\n", frequency);
 
 	if (0 == gain) {
 		 /* Enable automatic gain */
-		r = rtlsdr_set_tuner_gain_mode(dev, 0);
+		verbose_auto_gain(dev);
-		if (r < 0)
-			fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to enable automatic gain.\n");
 	} else {
 		/* Enable manual gain */
-		r = rtlsdr_set_tuner_gain_mode(dev, 1);
+		gain = nearest_gain(dev, gain);
-		if (r < 0)
+		verbose_gain_set(dev, gain);
-			fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to enable manual gain.\n");
-
-		/* Set the tuner gain */
-		r = rtlsdr_set_tuner_gain(dev, gain);
-		if (r < 0)
-			fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to set tuner gain.\n");
-		else
-			fprintf(stderr, "Tuner gain set to %f dB.\n", gain/10.0);
 	}
 
+	verbose_ppm_set(dev, ppm_error);
+
 	if(strcmp(filename, "-") == 0) { /* Write samples to stdout */
 		file = stdout;
 #ifdef _WIN32
@@ -245,9 +229,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	}
 
 	/* Reset endpoint before we start reading from it (mandatory) */
-	r = rtlsdr_reset_buffer(dev);
+	verbose_reset_buffer(dev);
-	if (r < 0)
-		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to reset buffers.\n");
 
 	if (sync_mode) {
 		fprintf(stderr, "Reading samples in sync mode...\n");

src/rtl_tcp.c

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 #include <pthread.h>
 
 #include "rtl-sdr.h"
+#include "convenience/convenience.h"
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
 #pragma comment(lib, "ws2_32.lib")
@@ -93,7 +94,8 @@ void usage(void)
 		"\t[-s samplerate in Hz (default: 2048000 Hz)]\n"
 		"\t[-b number of buffers (default: 32, set by library)]\n"
 		"\t[-n max number of linked list buffers to keep (default: 500)]\n"
-		"\t[-d device index (default: 0)]\n");
+		"\t[-d device index (default: 0)]\n"
+		"\t[-P ppm_error (default: 0)]\n");
 	exit(1);
 }
 
@@ -367,9 +369,11 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	int port = 1234;
 	uint32_t frequency = 100000000, samp_rate = 2048000;
 	struct sockaddr_in local, remote;
-	int device_count;
+	uint32_t buf_num = 0;
-	uint32_t dev_index = 0, buf_num = 0;
+	int dev_index = 0;
+	int dev_given = 0;
 	int gain = 0;
+	int ppm_error = 0;
 	struct llist *curelem,*prev;
 	pthread_attr_t attr;
 	void *status;
@@ -387,19 +391,20 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	struct sigaction sigact, sigign;
 #endif
 
-	while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "a:p:f:g:s:b:n:d:")) != -1) {
+	while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "a:p:f:g:s:b:n:d:P:")) != -1) {
 		switch (opt) {
 		case 'd':
-			dev_index = atoi(optarg);
+			dev_index = verbose_device_search(optarg);
+			dev_given = 1;
 			break;
 		case 'f':
-			frequency = (uint32_t)atof(optarg);
+			frequency = (uint32_t)atofs(optarg);
 			break;
 		case 'g':
 			gain = (int)(atof(optarg) * 10); /* tenths of a dB */
 			break;
 		case 's':
-			samp_rate = (uint32_t)atof(optarg);
+			samp_rate = (uint32_t)atofs(optarg);
 			break;
 		case 'a':
 			addr = optarg;
@@ -413,6 +418,9 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 		case 'n':
 			llbuf_num = atoi(optarg);
 			break;
+		case 'P':
+			ppm_error = atoi(optarg);
+			break;
 		default:
 			usage();
 			break;
@@ -422,21 +430,20 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	if (argc < optind)
 		usage();
 
-	device_count = rtlsdr_get_device_count();
+	if (!dev_given) {
-	if (!device_count) {
+		dev_index = verbose_device_search("0");
-		fprintf(stderr, "No supported devices found.\n");
-		exit(1);
 	}
 
-	printf("Found %d device(s).\n", device_count);
+	if (dev_index < 0) {
+	    exit(1);
+	}
 
-	rtlsdr_open(&dev, dev_index);
+	rtlsdr_open(&dev, (uint32_t)dev_index);
 	if (NULL == dev) {
 	fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open rtlsdr device #%d.\n", dev_index);
 		exit(1);
 	}
 
-	printf("Using %s\n", rtlsdr_get_device_name(dev_index));
 #ifndef _WIN32
 	sigact.sa_handler = sighandler;
 	sigemptyset(&sigact.sa_mask);
@@ -449,6 +456,10 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 #else
 	SetConsoleCtrlHandler( (PHANDLER_ROUTINE) sighandler, TRUE );
 #endif
+
+	/* Set the tuner error */
+	verbose_ppm_set(dev, ppm_error);
+
 	/* Set the sample rate */
 	r = rtlsdr_set_sample_rate(dev, samp_rate);
 	if (r < 0)

src/rtl_test.c

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 #endif
 
 #include "rtl-sdr.h"
+#include "convenience/convenience.h"
 
 #define DEFAULT_SAMPLE_RATE		2048000
 #define DEFAULT_ASYNC_BUF_NUMBER	32
@@ -211,10 +212,10 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	int i, tuner_benchmark = 0;
 	int sync_mode = 0;
 	uint8_t *buffer;
-	uint32_t dev_index = 0;
+	int dev_index = 0;
+	int dev_given = 0;
 	uint32_t samp_rate = DEFAULT_SAMPLE_RATE;
 	uint32_t out_block_size = DEFAULT_BUF_LENGTH;
-	int device_count;
 	int count;
 	int gains[100];
 	int real_rate;
@@ -223,7 +224,8 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "d:s:b:tpS::")) != -1) {
 		switch (opt) {
 		case 'd':
-			dev_index = atoi(optarg);
+			dev_index = verbose_device_search(optarg);
+			dev_given = 1;
 			break;
 		case 's':
 			samp_rate = (uint32_t)atof(optarg);
@@ -259,22 +261,15 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
 	buffer = malloc(out_block_size * sizeof(uint8_t));
 
-	device_count = rtlsdr_get_device_count();
+	if (!dev_given) {
-	if (!device_count) {
+		dev_index = verbose_device_search("0");
-		fprintf(stderr, "No supported devices found.\n");
-		exit(1);
 	}
 
-	fprintf(stderr, "Found %d device(s):\n", device_count);
+	if (dev_index < 0) {
-	for (i = 0; i < device_count; i++)
+		exit(1);
-		fprintf(stderr, "  %d:  %s\n", i, rtlsdr_get_device_name(i));
+	}
-	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
-
-	fprintf(stderr, "Using device %d: %s\n",
-		dev_index,
-		rtlsdr_get_device_name(dev_index));
 
-	r = rtlsdr_open(&dev, dev_index);
+	r = rtlsdr_open(&dev, (uint32_t)dev_index);
 	if (r < 0) {
 		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open rtlsdr device #%d.\n", dev_index);
 		exit(1);
@@ -299,9 +294,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 
 	/* Set the sample rate */
-	r = rtlsdr_set_sample_rate(dev, samp_rate);
+	verbose_set_sample_rate(dev, samp_rate);
-	if (r < 0)
-		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to set sample rate.\n");
 
 	if (tuner_benchmark) {
 		if (rtlsdr_get_tuner_type(dev) == RTLSDR_TUNER_E4000)
@@ -316,9 +309,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	r = rtlsdr_set_testmode(dev, 1);
 
 	/* Reset endpoint before we start reading from it (mandatory) */
-	r = rtlsdr_reset_buffer(dev);
+	verbose_reset_buffer(dev);
-	if (r < 0)
-		fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Failed to reset buffers.\n");
 
 	if (ppm_benchmark && !sync_mode) {
 		fprintf(stderr, "Reporting PPM error measurement every %i seconds...\n", ppm_benchmark);