\caption[UART frame structure]{\label{fig:uart-frame}\gls{UART} frame, as shown by the STM32F072 Reference Manual. Break frames are used by some \gls{UART} based protocols, like \gls{LIN}.}
\gls{UART} and \gls{USART} are two variants of the same interface. \gls{USART} includes a separate clock signal, while the \gls{UART} timing relies on a well-known clock speed and the bit clock is synchronized by start bits. \gls{USART} was historically used in modems to achieve higher bandwidth, but is now mostly obsolete.
@ -31,6 +31,12 @@ RS232 uses the \gls{UART} framing, but its logic levels are different: logical 1
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) is a point-to-point or multi-drop master-slave interface based on shift registers. The \gls{SPI} connection with multiple slave devices is depicted in figure \ref{fig:spi-multislave}. It uses at least 4 wires: \gls{SCK}, \gls{MOSI}, \gls{MISO} and \gls{SS}. \gls{SS} is often marked \gls{CSB} or \gls{NSS} to indicate it's active low. Slave devices are addressed using their \gls{SS} input while the data connections are shared. A slave that's not addressed releases the \gls{MISO} line to a high impedance state so it doesn't interfere in ongoing communication.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=.9]{img/spi-timing.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:spi-timing}SPI timing diagram, explaining the CPOL and CPHA settings}
\end{figure}
Transmission and reception on the \gls{SPI} bus happen simultaneously. A bus master asserts the SS pin of a slave it wishes to address and then sends data on the \gls{MOSI} line while receiving a response on \gls{MISO}. It's customary that the slave responds with zeros or a status byte as the first byte of the response.
\gls{SPI} devices often provide a number of control, configuration and status registers that can be read and written by the bus master. The first byte of a command usually contains one bit that determines if it's a read or write access, and an address field selecting the target register.
