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594 lines
23 KiB
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<div id="xiphlogo">
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<a href="http://www.xiph.org/"><img src="fish_xiph_org.png" alt="Fish Logo and Xiph.org"/></a>
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</div>
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<h1>Ogg bitstream overview</h1>
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<p>This document serves as starting point for understanding the design
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and implementation of the Ogg container format. If you're new to Ogg
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or merely want a high-level technical overview, start reading here.
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Other documents linked from the <a href="index.html">index page</a>
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give distilled technical descriptions and references of the container
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mechanisms. This document is intended to aid understanding.
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<h2>Container format design points</h2>
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<p>Ogg is intended to be a simplest-possible container, concerned only
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with framing, ordering, and interleave. It can be used as a stream delivery
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mechanism, for media file storage, or as a building block toward
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implementing a more complex, non-linear container (for example, see
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the <a href="skeleton.html">Skeleton</a> or <a
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href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annodex">Annodex/CMML</a>).
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<p>The Ogg container is not intended to be a monolithic
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'kitchen-sink'. It exists only to frame and deliver in-order stream
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data and as such is vastly simpler than most other containers.
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Elementary and multiplexed streams are both constructed entirely from a
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single building block (an Ogg page) comprised of eight fields
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totalling twenty-eight bytes (the page header) a list of packet lengths
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(up to 255 bytes) and payload data (up to 65025 bytes). The structure
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of every page is the same. There are no optional fields or alternate
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encodings.
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<p>Stream and media metadata is contained in Ogg and not built into
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the Ogg container itself. Metadata is thus compartmentalized and
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layered rather than part of a monolithic design, an especially good
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idea as no two groups seem able to agree on what a complete or
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complete-enough metadata set should be. In this way, the container and
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container implementation are isolated from unnecessary metadata design
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flux.
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<h3>Streaming</h3>
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<p>The Ogg container is primarily a streaming format,
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encapsulating chronological, time-linear mixed media into a single
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delivery stream or file. The design is such that an application can
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always encode and/or decode all features of a bitstream in one pass
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with no seeking and minimal buffering. Seeking to provide optimized
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encoding (such as two-pass encoding) or interactive decoding (such as
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scrubbing or instant replay) is not disallowed or discouraged, however
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no container feature requires nonlinear access of the bitstream.
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<h3>Variable Bit Rate, Variable Payload Size</h3>
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<p>Ogg is designed to contain any size data payload with bounded,
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predictable efficiency. Ogg packets have no maximum size and a
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zero-byte minimum size. There is no restriction on size changes from
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packet to packet. Variable size packets do not require the use of any
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optional or additional container features. There is no optimal
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suggested packet size, though special consideration was paid to make
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sure 50-200 byte packets were no less efficient than larger packet
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sizes. The original design criteria was a 2% overhead at 50 byte
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packets, dropping to a maximum working overhead of 1% with larger
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packets, and a typical working overhead of .5-.7% for most practical
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uses.
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<h3>Simple pagination</h3>
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<p>Ogg is a byte-aligned container with no context-dependent, optional
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or variable-length fields. Ogg requires no repacking of codec data.
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The page structure is written out in-line as packet data is submitted
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to the streaming abstraction. In addition, it is possible to
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implement both Ogg mux and demux as MT-hot zero-copy abstractions (as
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is done in the Tremor sourcebase).
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<h3>Capture</h3>
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<p>Ogg is designed for efficient and immediate stream capture with
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high confidence. Although packets have no size limit in Ogg, pages
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are a maximum of just under 64kB meaning that any Ogg stream can be
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captured with confidence after seeing 128kB of data or less [worst
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case; typical figure is 6kB] from any random starting point in the
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stream.
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<h3>Seeking</h3>
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<p>Ogg implements simple coarse- and fine-grained seeking by design.
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<p>Coarse seeking may be performed by simply 'moving the tone arm' to a
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new position and 'dropping the needle'. Rapid capture with
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accompanying timecode from any location in an Ogg file is guaranteed
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by the stream design. From the acquisition of the first timecode,
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all data needed to play back from that time code forward is ahead of
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the stream cursor.
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<p>Ogg implements full sample-granularity seeking using an
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interpolated bisection search built on the capture and timecode
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mechanisms used by coarse seeking. As above, once a search finds
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the desired timecode, all data needed to play back from that time code
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forward is ahead of the stream cursor.
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<p>Both coarse and fine seeking use the page structure and sequencing
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inherent to the Ogg format. All Ogg streams are fully seekable from
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creation; seekability is unaffected by truncation or missing data, and
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is tolerant of gross corruption. Seek operations are neither 'fuzzy' nor
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heuristic.
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<p>Seeking without use of an index is a major point of the Ogg
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design. There two primary reasons why Ogg transport forgoes an index:
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<ol>
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<li>An index is only marginally useful in Ogg for the complexity
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added; it adds no new functionality and seldom improves performance
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noticeably. Empirical testing shows that indexless interpolation
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search does not require many more seeks in practice than using an
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index would.
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<li>'Optional' indexes encourage lazy implementations that can seek
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only when indexes are present, or that implement indexless seeking
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only by building an internal index after reading the entire file
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beginning to end. This has been the fate of other containers that
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specify optional indexing.
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</ol>
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<p>In addition, it must be possible to create an Ogg stream in a
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single pass. Although an optional index can simply be tacked on the
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end of the created stream, some software groups object to
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end-positioned indexes and claim to be unwilling to support indexes
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not located at the stream beginning.
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<p><i>All this said, it's become clear that an optional index is a
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demanded feature. For this reason, the <a
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href="http://wiki.xiph.org/Ogg_Index">OggSkeleton now defines a
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proposed index.</a></i>
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<h3>Simple multiplexing</h3>
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<p>Ogg multiplexes streams by interleaving pages from multiple elementary streams into a
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multiplexed stream in time order. The multiplexed pages are not
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altered. Muxing an Ogg AV stream out of separate audio,
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video and data streams is akin to shuffling several decks of cards
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together into a single deck; the cards themselves remain unchanged.
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Demultiplexing is similarly simple (as the cards are marked).
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<p>The goal of this design is to make the mux/demux operation as
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trivial as possible to allow live streaming systems to build and
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rebuild streams on the fly with minimal CPU usage and no additional
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storage or latency requirements.
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<h3>Continuous and Discontinuous Media</h3>
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<p>Ogg streams belong to one of two categories, "Continuous" streams and
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"Discontinuous" streams.
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<p>A stream that provides a gapless, time-continuous media type with a
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fine-grained timebase is considered to be 'Continuous'. A continuous
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stream should never be starved of data. Examples of continuous data
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types include broadcast audio and video.
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<p>A stream that delivers data in a potentially irregular pattern or
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with widely spaced timing gaps is considered to be 'Discontinuous'. A
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discontinuous stream may be best thought of as data representing
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scattered events; although they happen in order, they are typically
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unconnected data often located far apart. One example of a
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discontinuous stream types would be captioning such as <a
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href="http://wiki.xiph.org/OggKate">Ogg Kate</a>. Although it's
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possible to design captions as a continuous stream type, it's most
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natural to think of captions as widely spaced pieces of text with
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little happening between.
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<p>The fundamental reason for distinction between continuous and
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discontinuous streams concerns buffering.
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<h3>Buffering</h3>
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<p>A continuous stream is, by definition, gapless. Ogg buffering is based
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on the simple premise of never allowing an active continuous stream
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to starve for data during decode; buffering works ahead until all
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continuous streams in a physical stream have data ready and no further.
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<p>Discontinuous stream data is not assumed to be predictable. The
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buffering design takes discontinuous data 'as it comes' rather than
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working ahead to look for future discontinuous data for a potentially
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unbounded period. Thus, the buffering process makes no attempt to fill
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discontinuous stream buffers; their pages simply 'fall out' of the
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stream when continuous streams are handled properly.
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<p>Buffering requirements in this design need not be explicitly
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declared or managed in the encoded stream. The decoder simply reads as
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much data as is necessary to keep all continuous stream types gapless
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and no more, with discontinuous data processed as it arrives in the
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continuous data. Buffering is implicitly optimal for the given
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stream. Because all pages of all data types are stamped with absolute
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timing information within the stream, inter-stream synchronization
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timing is always maintained without the need for explicitly declared
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buffer-ahead hinting.
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<h3>Codec metadata</h3>
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<p>Ogg does not replicate codec-specific metadata into the mux layer
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in an attempt to make the mux and codec layer implementations 'fully
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separable'. Things like specific timebase, keyframing strategy, frame
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duration, etc, do not appear in the Ogg container. The mux layer is,
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instead, expected to query a codec through a centralized interface,
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left to the implementation, for this data when it is needed.
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<p>Though modern design wisdom usually prefers to predict all possible
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needs of current and future codecs then embed these dependencies and
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the required metadata into the container itself, this strategy
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increases container specification complexity, fragility, and rigidity.
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The mux and codec code becomes more independent, but the
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specifications become logically less independent. A codec can't do
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what a container hasn't already provided for. Novel codecs are harder
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to support, and you can do fewer useful things with the ones you've
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already got (eg, try to make a good splitter without using any codecs.
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Such a splitter is limited to splitting at keyframes only, or building
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yet another new mechanism into the container layer to mark what frames
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to skip displaying).
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<p>Ogg's design goes the opposite direction, where the specification
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is to be as simple, easy to understand, and 'proofed' against novel
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codecs as possible. When an Ogg mux layer requires codec-specific
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information, it queries the codec (or a codec stub). This trades a
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more complex implementation for a simpler, more flexible
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specification.
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<h3>Stream structure metadata</h3>
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<p>The Ogg container itself does not define a metadata system for
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declaring the structure and interrelations between multiple media
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types in a muxed stream. That is, the Ogg container itself does not
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specify data like 'which steam is the subtitle stream?' or 'which
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video stream is the primary angle?'. This metadata still exists, but
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is stored by the Ogg container rather than being built into the Ogg
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container itself. Xiph specifies the 'Skeleton' metadata format for Ogg
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streams, but this decoupling of container and stream structure
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metadata means it is possible to use Ogg with any metadata
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specification without altering the container itself, or without stream
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structure metadata at all.
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<h3>Frame accurate absolute position</h3>
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<p>Every Ogg page is stamped with a 64 bit 'granule position' that
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serves as an absolute timestamp for mux and seeking. A few nifty
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little tricks are usually also embedded in the granpos state, but
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we'll leave those aside for the moment (strictly speaking, they're
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part of each codec's mapping, not Ogg).
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<p>As previously mentioned above, granule positions are mapped into
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absolute timestamps by the codec, rather than being a hard timestamp.
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This allows maximally efficient use of the available 64 bits to
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address every sample/frame position without approximation while
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supporting new and previously unknown timebase encodings without
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needing to extend or update the mux layer. When a codec needs a novel
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timebase, it simply brings the code for that mapping along with it.
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This is not a theoretical curiosity; new, wholly novel timebases were
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deployed with the adoption of both Theora and Dirac. "Rolling INTRA"
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(keyframeless video) also benefits from novel use of the granule
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position.
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<h2>Ogg stream arrangement</h2>
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<h3>Packets, pages, and bitstreams</h3>
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<p>Ogg codecs place raw compressed data into <em>packets</em>.
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Packets are octet payloads containing the data needed for a single
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decompressed unit, eg, one video frame. Packets have no maximum size
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and may be zero length. They do not generally have any framing
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information; strung together, the unframed packets form a <em>logical
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bitstream</em> of codec data with no internal landmarks.
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<div class="caption">
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<img src="packets.png">
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<p> Packets of raw codec data are not typically internally framed.
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When they are strung together into a stream without any container to
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provide framing, they lose their individual boundaries. Seek and
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capture are not possible within an unframed stream, and for many
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codecs with variable length payloads and/or early-packet termination
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(such as Vorbis), it may become impossible to recover the original
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frame boundaries even if the stream is scanned linearly from
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beginning to end.
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</div>
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<p>Logical bitstream packets are grouped and framed into Ogg pages
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along with a unique stream <em>serial number</em> to produce a
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<em>physical bitstream</em>. An <em>elementary stream</em> is a
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physical bitstream containing only a single logical bitstream. Each
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page is a self contained entity, although a packet may be split and
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encoded across one or more pages. The page decode mechanism is
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designed to recognize, verify and handle single pages at a time from
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the overall bitstream.
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<div class="caption">
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<img src="pages.png">
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<p> The primary purpose of a container is to provide framing for raw
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packets, marking the packet boundaries so the exact packets can be
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retrieved for decode later. The container also provides secondary
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functions such as capture, timestamping, sequencing, stream
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identification and so on. Not all of these functions are represented in the diagram.
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<p>In the Ogg container, pages do not necessarily contain
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integer numbers of packets. Packets may span across page boundaries
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or even multiple pages. This is necessary as pages have a maximum
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possible size in order to provide capture guarantees, but packet
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size is unbounded.
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</div>
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<p><a href="framing.html">Ogg Bitstream Framing</a> specifies
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the page format of an Ogg bitstream, the packet coding process
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and elementary bitstreams in detail.
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<h3>Multiplexed bitstreams</h3>
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<p>Multiple logical/elementary bitstreams can be combined into a single
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<em>multiplexed bitstream</em> by interleaving whole pages from each
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contributing elementary stream in time order. The result is a single
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physical stream that multiplexes and frames multiple logical streams.
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Each logical stream is identified by the unique stream serial number
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stamped in its pages. A physical stream may include a 'meta-header'
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(such as the <a href="skeleton.html">Ogg Skeleton</a>) comprising its
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own Ogg page at the beginning of the physical stream. A decoder
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recovers the original logical/elementary bitstreams out of the
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physical bitstream by taking the pages in order from the physical
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bitstream and redirecting them into the appropriate logical decoding
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entity.
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<div class="caption">
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<img src="multiplex1.png">
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<p>Multiple media types are mutliplexed into a single Ogg stream by
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interleaving the pages from each elementary physical stream.
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</div>
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<p><a href="ogg-multiplex.html">Ogg Bitstream Multiplexing</a> specifies
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proper multiplexing of an Ogg bitstream in detail.
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<h3>Chaining</h3>
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<p>Multiple Ogg physical bitstreams may be concatenated into a single new
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stream; this is <em>chaining</em>. The bitstreams do not overlap; the
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final page of a given logical bitstream is immediately followed by the
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initial page of the next.</p>
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<p>Each logical bitstream in a chain must have a unique serial number
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within the scope of the full physical bitstream, not only within a
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particular <em>link</em> or <em>segment</em> of the chain.</p>
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<h3>Continuous and discontinuous streams</h3>
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<p>Within Ogg, each stream must be declared (by the codec) to be
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continuous- or discontinuous-time. Most codecs treat all streams they
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use as either inherently continuous- or discontinuous-time, although
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this is not a requirement. A codec may, as part of its mapping, choose
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according to data in the initial header.
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<p>Continuous-time pages are stamped by end-time, discontinuous pages
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are stamped by begin-time. Pages in a multiplexed stream are
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interleaved in order of the time stamp regardless of stream type.
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Both continuous and discontinuous logical streams are used to seek
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within a physical stream, however only continuous streams are used to
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determine buffering depth; because discontinuous streams are stamped
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by start time, they will always 'fall out' at the proper time when
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buffering the continuous streams. See 'Examples' for an illustration
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of the buffering mechanism.
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<h2>Multiplexing Requirements</h2>
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<p>Multiplexing requirements within Ogg are straightforward. When
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constructing a single-link (unchained) physical bitstream consisting
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of multiple elementary streams:
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<ol>
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<li><p> The initial header for each stream appears in sequence, each
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header on a single page. All initial headers must appear with no
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intervening data (no auxiliary header pages or packets, no data pages
|
|
or packets). Order of the initial headers is unspecified. The
|
|
'beginning of stream' flag is set on each initial header.
|
|
|
|
<li><p> All auxiliary headers for all streams must follow. Order
|
|
is unspecified. The final auxiliary header of each stream must flush
|
|
its page.
|
|
|
|
<li><p>Data pages for each stream follow, interleaved in time order.
|
|
|
|
<li><p>The final page of each stream sets the 'end of stream' flag.
|
|
Unlike initial pages, terminal pages for the logical bitstreams need
|
|
not occur contiguously; indeed it may not be possible for them to do so.
|
|
</oL>
|
|
|
|
<p><p>Each grouped bitstream must have a unique serial number within the
|
|
scope of the physical bitstream.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3>chaining and multiplexing</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>Multiplexed and/or unmultiplexed bitstreams may be chained
|
|
consecutively. Such a physical bitstream obeys all the rules of both
|
|
chained and multiplexed streams. Each link, when unchained, must
|
|
stand on its own as a valid physical bitstream. Chained streams do
|
|
not mix or interleave; a new segment may not begin until all streams
|
|
in the preceding segment have terminated. </p>
|
|
|
|
<h2>Codec Mapping Requirements</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>Each codec is allowed some freedom in deciding how its logical
|
|
bitstream is encapsulated into an Ogg bitstream (even if it is a
|
|
trivial mapping, eg, 'plop the packets in and go'). This is the
|
|
codec's <em>mapping</em>. Ogg imposes a few mapping requirements
|
|
on any codec.
|
|
|
|
<ol>
|
|
|
|
<li><p>The <a href="framing.html">framing specification</a> defines
|
|
'beginning of stream' and 'end of stream' page markers via a header
|
|
flag (it is possible for a stream to consist of a single page). A
|
|
correct stream always consists of an integer number of pages, an easy
|
|
requirement given the variable size nature of pages.</p>
|
|
|
|
<li><p>The first page of an elementary Ogg bitstream consists of a single,
|
|
small 'initial header' packet that must include sufficient information
|
|
to identify the exact CODEC type. From this initial header, the codec
|
|
must also be able to determine its timebase and whether or not it is a
|
|
continuous- or discontinuous-time stream. The initial header must fit
|
|
on a single page. If a codec makes use of auxiliary headers (for
|
|
example, Vorbis uses two auxiliary headers), these headers must follow
|
|
the initial header immediately. The last header finishes its page;
|
|
data begins on a fresh page.
|
|
|
|
<p><p>As an example, Ogg Vorbis places the name and revision of the
|
|
Vorbis CODEC, the audio rate and the audio quality into this initial
|
|
header. Vorbis comments and detailed codec setup appears in the larger
|
|
auxiliary headers.</p>
|
|
|
|
<li><p>Granule positions must be translatable to an exact absolute
|
|
time value. As described above, the mux layer is permitted to query a
|
|
codec or codec stub plugin to perform this mapping. It is not
|
|
necessary for an absolute time to be mappable into a single unique
|
|
granule position value.
|
|
|
|
<li><p>Codecs are not required to use a fixed duration-per-packet (for
|
|
example, Vorbis does not). the mux layer is permitted to query a
|
|
codec or codec stub plugin for the time duration of a packet.
|
|
|
|
<li><p>Although an absolute time need not be translatable to a unique
|
|
granule position, a codec must be able to determine the unique granule
|
|
position of the current packet using the granule position of a
|
|
preceding packet.
|
|
|
|
<li><p>Packets and pages must be arranged in ascending
|
|
granule-position and time order.
|
|
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<h2>Examples</h2>
|
|
|
|
<em>[More to come shortly; this section is currently being revised and expanded]</em>
|
|
|
|
<p>Below, we present an example of a multiplexed and chained bitstream:</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><img src="stream.png" alt="stream"/></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>In this example, we see pages from five total logical bitstreams
|
|
multiplexed into a physical bitstream. Note the following
|
|
characteristics:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>Multiplexed bitstreams in a given link begin together; all of the
|
|
initial pages must appear before any data pages. When concurrently
|
|
multiplexed groups are chained, the new group does not begin until all
|
|
the bitstreams in the previous group have terminated.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>The ordering of pages of concurrently multiplexed bitstreams is
|
|
goverened by timestamp (not shown here); there is no regular
|
|
interleaving order. Pages within a logical bitstream appear in
|
|
sequence order.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<div id="copyright">
|
|
The Xiph Fish Logo is a
|
|
trademark (™) of Xiph.Org.<br/>
|
|
|
|
These pages © 1994 - 2010 Xiph.Org. All rights reserved.
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
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