diff --git a/src/audio/CMakeLists.txt b/src/audio/CMakeLists.txt
index 28e4e2ef..306def86 100644
--- a/src/audio/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/audio/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 idf_component_register(
   SRCS "audio_decoder.cpp" "audio_task.cpp" "chunk.cpp" "fatfs_audio_input.cpp"
-  "stream_info.cpp" "stream_message.cpp"
+  "stream_info.cpp" "stream_message.cpp" "i2s_audio_output.cpp"
   INCLUDE_DIRS "include"
   REQUIRES "codecs" "drivers" "cbor" "result" "tasks" "span")
 
diff --git a/src/audio/audio_decoder.cpp b/src/audio/audio_decoder.cpp
index 31cfb50e..c48756ac 100644
--- a/src/audio/audio_decoder.cpp
+++ b/src/audio/audio_decoder.cpp
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ auto AudioDecoder::SetOutputBuffer(MessageBufferHandle_t* buffer) -> void {
   output_buffer_ = buffer;
 }
 
-auto AudioDecoder::ProcessStreamInfo(StreamInfo& info)
+auto AudioDecoder::ProcessStreamInfo(const StreamInfo& info)
     -> cpp::result<void, AudioProcessingError> {
   stream_info_ = info;
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ auto AudioDecoder::ProcessStreamInfo(StreamInfo& info)
   return {};
 }
 
-auto AudioDecoder::ProcessChunk(cpp::span<std::byte>& chunk)
+auto AudioDecoder::ProcessChunk(const cpp::span<std::byte>& chunk)
     -> cpp::result<size_t, AudioProcessingError> {
   if (current_codec_ == nullptr) {
     // Should never happen, but fail explicitly anyway.
diff --git a/src/audio/chunk.cpp b/src/audio/chunk.cpp
index 44dcc410..eb28d5a9 100644
--- a/src/audio/chunk.cpp
+++ b/src/audio/chunk.cpp
@@ -12,8 +12,15 @@
 
 namespace audio {
 
-// TODO: tune.
-const std::size_t kMaxChunkSize = 512;
+/*
+ * The maximum size of a single chunk of stream data. This should be comfortably
+ * larger than the largest size of a frame of audio we should expect to handle.
+ *
+ * 128 kbps MPEG-1 @ 44.1 kHz is approx. 418 bytes according to the internet.
+ *
+ * TODO(jacqueline): tune as more codecs are added.
+ */
+const std::size_t kMaxChunkSize = 2048;
 
 // TODO: tune
 static const std::size_t kWorkingBufferSize = kMaxChunkSize * 1.5;
@@ -60,11 +67,11 @@ ChunkReader::ChunkReader(MessageBufferHandle_t* stream)
     : stream_(stream),
       raw_working_buffer_(static_cast<std::byte*>(
           heap_caps_malloc(kWorkingBufferSize, MALLOC_CAP_SPIRAM))),
-      working_buffer_(raw_working_buffer_, kWorkingBufferSize){};
+      working_buffer_(raw_working_buffer_, kWorkingBufferSize) {}
 
 ChunkReader::~ChunkReader() {
   free(raw_working_buffer_);
-};
+}
 
 auto ChunkReader::Reset() -> void {
   leftover_bytes_ = 0;
diff --git a/src/audio/fatfs_audio_input.cpp b/src/audio/fatfs_audio_input.cpp
index 6777bef2..0f2fbe6d 100644
--- a/src/audio/fatfs_audio_input.cpp
+++ b/src/audio/fatfs_audio_input.cpp
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 
-#include "audio_element.hpp"
 #include "esp_heap_caps.h"
 #include "freertos/portmacro.h"
 
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ FatfsAudioInput::~FatfsAudioInput() {
   free(output_buffer_);
 }
 
-auto FatfsAudioInput::ProcessStreamInfo(StreamInfo& info)
+auto FatfsAudioInput::ProcessStreamInfo(const StreamInfo& info)
     -> cpp::result<void, AudioProcessingError> {
   if (is_file_open_) {
     f_close(&current_file_);
@@ -83,12 +82,12 @@ auto FatfsAudioInput::ProcessStreamInfo(StreamInfo& info)
   return {};
 }
 
-auto FatfsAudioInput::ProcessChunk(cpp::span<std::byte>& chunk)
+auto FatfsAudioInput::ProcessChunk(const cpp::span<std::byte>& chunk)
     -> cpp::result<size_t, AudioProcessingError> {
   return cpp::fail(UNSUPPORTED_STREAM);
 }
 
-auto FatfsAudioInput::GetRingBufferDistance() -> size_t {
+auto FatfsAudioInput::GetRingBufferDistance() const -> size_t {
   if (file_buffer_read_pos_ == file_buffer_write_pos_) {
     return 0;
   }
diff --git a/src/audio/i2s_audio_output.cpp b/src/audio/i2s_audio_output.cpp
index 77d01b6a..b6cf27f2 100644
--- a/src/audio/i2s_audio_output.cpp
+++ b/src/audio/i2s_audio_output.cpp
@@ -2,18 +2,20 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 
-#include "audio_element.h"
-#include "driver/i2s.h"
 #include "esp_err.h"
 #include "freertos/portmacro.h"
-#include "i2s_stream.h"
 
-static const i2s_port_t kI2SPort = I2S_NUM_0;
+#include "audio_element.hpp"
+#include "dac.hpp"
+#include "gpio_expander.hpp"
+#include "result.hpp"
+
+static const TickType_t kIdleTimeBeforeMute = pdMS_TO_TICKS(1000);
 static const char* kTag = "I2SOUT";
 
-namespace drivers {
+namespace audio {
 
-auto I2SAudioOutput::create(GpioExpander* expander)
+auto I2SAudioOutput::create(drivers::GpioExpander* expander)
     -> cpp::result<std::unique_ptr<I2SAudioOutput>, Error> {
   // First, we need to perform initial configuration of the DAC chip.
   auto dac_result = drivers::AudioDac::create(expander);
@@ -21,72 +23,82 @@ auto I2SAudioOutput::create(GpioExpander* expander)
     ESP_LOGE(kTag, "failed to init dac: %d", dac_result.error());
     return cpp::fail(DAC_CONFIG);
   }
-  std::unique_ptr<AudioDac> dac = std::move(dac_result.value());
+  std::unique_ptr<drivers::AudioDac> dac = std::move(dac_result.value());
 
   // Soft mute immediately, in order to minimise any clicks and pops caused by
   // the initial output element and pipeline configuration.
   dac->WriteVolume(255);
 
-  i2s_stream_cfg_t i2s_stream_config = i2s_stream_cfg_t{
-      .type = AUDIO_STREAM_WRITER,
-      .i2s_config =
-          {
-              // static_cast bc esp-adf uses enums incorrectly
-              .mode = static_cast<i2s_mode_t>(I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_TX),
-              .sample_rate = 44100,
-              .bits_per_sample = I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_16BIT,
-              .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_RIGHT_LEFT,
-              .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S,
-              .intr_alloc_flags = ESP_INTR_FLAG_LOWMED,
-              .dma_buf_count = 8,
-              .dma_buf_len = 64,
-              .use_apll = false,
-              .tx_desc_auto_clear = false,
-              .fixed_mclk = 0,
-              .mclk_multiple = I2S_MCLK_MULTIPLE_DEFAULT,
-              .bits_per_chan = I2S_BITS_PER_CHAN_DEFAULT,
-          },
-      .i2s_port = kI2SPort,
-      .use_alc = false,
-      .volume = 0,  // Does nothing; use AudioDac to change this.
-      .out_rb_size = I2S_STREAM_RINGBUFFER_SIZE,
-      .task_stack = I2S_STREAM_TASK_STACK,
-      .task_core = I2S_STREAM_TASK_CORE,
-      .task_prio = I2S_STREAM_TASK_PRIO,
-      .stack_in_ext = false,
-      .multi_out_num = 0,
-      .uninstall_drv = true,
-      .need_expand = false,
-      .expand_src_bits = I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_16BIT,
-  };
-  audio_element_handle_t i2s_stream_writer =
-      i2s_stream_init(&i2s_stream_config);
-  if (i2s_stream_writer == NULL) {
-    return cpp::fail(Error::STREAM_INIT);
+  return std::make_unique<I2SAudioOutput>(expander, std::move(dac));
+}
+
+I2SAudioOutput::I2SAudioOutput(drivers::GpioExpander* expander,
+                               std::unique_ptr<drivers::AudioDac> dac)
+    : expander_(expander),
+      dac_(std::move(dac)),
+      volume_(255),
+      is_soft_muted_(false) {}
+
+I2SAudioOutput::~I2SAudioOutput() {
+  // TODO: power down the DAC.
+}
+
+auto I2SAudioOutput::ProcessStreamInfo(const StreamInfo& info)
+    -> cpp::result<void, AudioProcessingError> {
+  // TODO(jacqueline): probs do something with the channel hey
+
+  if (!info.BitsPerSample() && !info.SampleRate()) {
+    return cpp::fail(UNSUPPORTED_STREAM);
+  }
+
+  drivers::AudioDac::BitsPerSample bps;
+  switch (*info.BitsPerSample()) {
+    case 16:
+      bps = drivers::AudioDac::BPS_16;
+      break;
+    case 24:
+      bps = drivers::AudioDac::BPS_24;
+      break;
+    case 32:
+      bps = drivers::AudioDac::BPS_32;
+      break;
+    default:
+      return cpp::fail(UNSUPPORTED_STREAM);
   }
 
-  // NOTE: i2s_stream_init does some additional setup that hardcodes MCK as
-  // GPIO0. This happens to work fine for us, but be careful if changing.
-  i2s_pin_config_t pin_config = {.mck_io_num = GPIO_NUM_0,
-                                 .bck_io_num = GPIO_NUM_26,
-                                 .ws_io_num = GPIO_NUM_27,
-                                 .data_out_num = GPIO_NUM_5,
-                                 .data_in_num = I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE};
-  if (esp_err_t err = i2s_set_pin(kI2SPort, &pin_config) != ESP_OK) {
-    ESP_LOGE(kTag, "failed to configure i2s pins %x", err);
-    return cpp::fail(Error::I2S_CONFIG);
+  drivers::AudioDac::SampleRate sample_rate;
+  switch (*info.SampleRate()) {
+    case 44100:
+      sample_rate = drivers::AudioDac::SAMPLE_RATE_44_1;
+      break;
+    case 48000:
+      sample_rate = drivers::AudioDac::SAMPLE_RATE_48;
+      break;
+    default:
+      return cpp::fail(UNSUPPORTED_STREAM);
   }
 
-  return std::make_unique<I2SAudioOutput>(dac, i2s_stream_writer);
+  dac_->Reconfigure(bps, sample_rate);
+
+  return {};
 }
 
-I2SAudioOutput::I2SAudioOutput(std::unique_ptr<AudioDac>& dac,
-                               audio_element_handle_t element)
-    : IAudioOutput(element), dac_(std::move(dac)) {
-  volume_ = 255;
+auto I2SAudioOutput::ProcessChunk(const cpp::span<std::byte>& chunk)
+    -> cpp::result<std::size_t, AudioProcessingError> {
+  SetSoftMute(false);
+  // TODO(jacqueline): write smaller parts with a small delay so that we can
+  // be responsive to pause and seek commands.
+  return dac_->WriteData(chunk, portMAX_DELAY);
 }
-I2SAudioOutput::~I2SAudioOutput() {
-  // TODO: power down the DAC.
+
+auto I2SAudioOutput::IdleTimeout() const -> TickType_t {
+  return kIdleTimeBeforeMute;
+}
+
+auto I2SAudioOutput::ProcessIdle() -> cpp::result<void, AudioProcessingError> {
+  // TODO(jacqueline): Consider powering down the dac completely maybe?
+  SetSoftMute(true);
+  return {};
 }
 
 auto I2SAudioOutput::SetVolume(uint8_t volume) -> void {
@@ -97,18 +109,15 @@ auto I2SAudioOutput::SetVolume(uint8_t volume) -> void {
 }
 
 auto I2SAudioOutput::SetSoftMute(bool enabled) -> void {
-  if (enabled) {
-    is_soft_muted_ = true;
+  if (enabled == is_soft_muted_) {
+    return;
+  }
+  is_soft_muted_ = enabled;
+  if (is_soft_muted_) {
     dac_->WriteVolume(255);
   } else {
-    is_soft_muted_ = false;
     dac_->WriteVolume(volume_);
   }
 }
 
-auto I2SAudioOutput::Configure(audio_element_info_t& info) -> void {
-  audio_element_setinfo(element_, &info);
-  i2s_stream_set_clk(element_, info.sample_rates, info.bits, info.channels);
-}
-
-}  // namespace drivers
+}  // namespace audio
diff --git a/src/audio/include/audio_decoder.hpp b/src/audio/include/audio_decoder.hpp
index a32442da..a6b15d9e 100644
--- a/src/audio/include/audio_decoder.hpp
+++ b/src/audio/include/audio_decoder.hpp
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <memory>
 
 #include "ff.h"
 #include "span.hpp"
@@ -23,11 +24,13 @@ class AudioDecoder : public IAudioElement {
   auto SetInputBuffer(MessageBufferHandle_t*) -> void;
   auto SetOutputBuffer(MessageBufferHandle_t*) -> void;
 
-  auto ProcessStreamInfo(StreamInfo& info)
-      -> cpp::result<void, AudioProcessingError>;
-  auto ProcessChunk(cpp::span<std::byte>& chunk)
-      -> cpp::result<std::size_t, AudioProcessingError>;
-  auto ProcessIdle() -> cpp::result<void, AudioProcessingError>;
+  auto StackSizeBytes() const -> std::size_t override { return 8196; };
+
+  auto ProcessStreamInfo(const StreamInfo& info)
+      -> cpp::result<void, AudioProcessingError> override;
+  auto ProcessChunk(const cpp::span<std::byte>& chunk)
+      -> cpp::result<std::size_t, AudioProcessingError> override;
+  auto ProcessIdle() -> cpp::result<void, AudioProcessingError> override;
 
   AudioDecoder(const AudioDecoder&) = delete;
   AudioDecoder& operator=(const AudioDecoder&) = delete;
diff --git a/src/audio/include/audio_element.hpp b/src/audio/include/audio_element.hpp
index 06e47b35..1973fccf 100644
--- a/src/audio/include/audio_element.hpp
+++ b/src/audio/include/audio_element.hpp
@@ -48,26 +48,26 @@ class IAudioElement {
    * be tuned according to the observed stack size of each element, as different
    * elements have fairly different stack requirements.
    */
-  virtual auto StackSizeBytes() -> std::size_t { return 2048; };
+  virtual auto StackSizeBytes() const -> std::size_t { return 2048; };
 
   /*
    * How long to wait for new data on the input stream before triggering a call
    * to ProcessIdle(). If this is portMAX_DELAY (the default), then ProcessIdle
    * will never be called.
    */
-  virtual auto IdleTimeout() -> TickType_t { return portMAX_DELAY; }
+  virtual auto IdleTimeout() const -> TickType_t { return portMAX_DELAY; }
 
   /* Returns this element's input buffer. */
-  auto InputBuffer() -> MessageBufferHandle_t* { return input_buffer_; }
+  auto InputBuffer() const -> MessageBufferHandle_t* { return input_buffer_; }
 
   /* Returns this element's output buffer. */
-  auto OutputBuffer() -> MessageBufferHandle_t* { return output_buffer_; }
+  auto OutputBuffer() const -> MessageBufferHandle_t* { return output_buffer_; }
 
   /*
    * Called when a StreamInfo message is received. Used to configure this
    * element in preperation for incoming chunks.
    */
-  virtual auto ProcessStreamInfo(StreamInfo& info)
+  virtual auto ProcessStreamInfo(const StreamInfo& info)
       -> cpp::result<void, AudioProcessingError> = 0;
 
   /*
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class IAudioElement {
    * bytes in this chunk that were actually used; leftover bytes will be
    * prepended to the next call.
    */
-  virtual auto ProcessChunk(cpp::span<std::byte>& chunk)
+  virtual auto ProcessChunk(const cpp::span<std::byte>& chunk)
       -> cpp::result<std::size_t, AudioProcessingError> = 0;
 
   /*
diff --git a/src/audio/include/fatfs_audio_input.hpp b/src/audio/include/fatfs_audio_input.hpp
index 3ca79457..63555ddc 100644
--- a/src/audio/include/fatfs_audio_input.hpp
+++ b/src/audio/include/fatfs_audio_input.hpp
@@ -17,19 +17,19 @@ namespace audio {
 
 class FatfsAudioInput : public IAudioElement {
  public:
-  FatfsAudioInput(std::shared_ptr<drivers::SdStorage> storage);
+  explicit FatfsAudioInput(std::shared_ptr<drivers::SdStorage> storage);
   ~FatfsAudioInput();
 
-  auto ProcessStreamInfo(StreamInfo& info)
-      -> cpp::result<void, AudioProcessingError>;
-  auto ProcessChunk(cpp::span<std::byte>& chunk)
-      -> cpp::result<std::size_t, AudioProcessingError> = 0;
-  auto ProcessIdle() -> cpp::result<void, AudioProcessingError>;
+  auto ProcessStreamInfo(const StreamInfo& info)
+      -> cpp::result<void, AudioProcessingError> override;
+  auto ProcessChunk(const cpp::span<std::byte>& chunk)
+      -> cpp::result<std::size_t, AudioProcessingError> override;
+  auto ProcessIdle() -> cpp::result<void, AudioProcessingError> override;
 
   auto SendChunk(cpp::span<std::byte> dest) -> size_t;
 
  private:
-  auto GetRingBufferDistance() -> size_t;
+  auto GetRingBufferDistance() const -> size_t;
 
   std::shared_ptr<drivers::SdStorage> storage_;
 
diff --git a/src/audio/include/i2s_audio_output.hpp b/src/audio/include/i2s_audio_output.hpp
index cd542f71..4b4a458d 100644
--- a/src/audio/include/i2s_audio_output.hpp
+++ b/src/audio/include/i2s_audio_output.hpp
@@ -3,30 +3,46 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <memory>
 
+#include "audio_element.hpp"
 #include "result.hpp"
 
 #include "dac.hpp"
 #include "gpio_expander.hpp"
+#include "sys/_stdint.h"
 
-namespace drivers {
+namespace audio {
 
-class I2SAudioOutput : public IAudioOutput {
+class I2SAudioOutput : public IAudioElement {
  public:
   enum Error { DAC_CONFIG, I2S_CONFIG, STREAM_INIT };
-  static auto create(GpioExpander* expander)
+  static auto create(drivers::GpioExpander* expander)
       -> cpp::result<std::unique_ptr<I2SAudioOutput>, Error>;
 
-  I2SAudioOutput(std::unique_ptr<AudioDac>& dac,
-                 audio_element_handle_t element);
+  I2SAudioOutput(drivers::GpioExpander* expander,
+                 std::unique_ptr<drivers::AudioDac> dac);
   ~I2SAudioOutput();
 
-  virtual auto SetVolume(uint8_t volume) -> void;
-  virtual auto Configure(audio_element_info_t& info) -> void;
-  virtual auto SetSoftMute(bool enabled) -> void;
+  auto SetInputBuffer(MessageBufferHandle_t* in) -> void { input_buffer_ = in; }
+
+  auto IdleTimeout() const -> TickType_t override;
+  auto ProcessStreamInfo(const StreamInfo& info)
+      -> cpp::result<void, AudioProcessingError> override;
+  auto ProcessChunk(const cpp::span<std::byte>& chunk)
+      -> cpp::result<std::size_t, AudioProcessingError> override;
+  auto ProcessIdle() -> cpp::result<void, AudioProcessingError> override;
+
+  I2SAudioOutput(const I2SAudioOutput&) = delete;
+  I2SAudioOutput& operator=(const I2SAudioOutput&) = delete;
 
  private:
-  std::unique_ptr<AudioDac> dac_;
-  bool is_soft_muted_ = false;
+  auto SetVolume(uint8_t volume) -> void;
+  auto SetSoftMute(bool enabled) -> void;
+
+  drivers::GpioExpander* expander_;
+  std::unique_ptr<drivers::AudioDac> dac_;
+
+  uint8_t volume_;
+  bool is_soft_muted_;
 };
 
-}  // namespace drivers
+}  // namespace audio
diff --git a/src/codecs/include/mad.hpp b/src/codecs/include/mad.hpp
index 6077314c..1f5791b9 100644
--- a/src/codecs/include/mad.hpp
+++ b/src/codecs/include/mad.hpp
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <string>
+#include <utility>
 
 #include "mad.h"
 #include "span.hpp"
diff --git a/src/codecs/test/test.mp3.hpp b/src/codecs/test/test.mp3.hpp
index fcf24af0..f6699b85 100644
--- a/src/codecs/test/test.mp3.hpp
+++ b/src/codecs/test/test.mp3.hpp
@@ -1,101 +1,100 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 
 std::uint8_t test_mp3[] = {
-  0xff, 0xfb, 0x90, 0xc4, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x58, 0x69, 0x6e,
-  0x67, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04,
-  0x7b, 0x00, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb,
-  0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb,
-  0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb,
-  0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb,
-  0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
-  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
-  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
-  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
-  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x50, 0x4c, 0x41, 0x4d,
-  0x45, 0x33, 0x2e, 0x31, 0x30, 0x30, 0x04, 0xb9, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x15, 0x20, 0x24, 0x06, 0xb6, 0x41, 0x00, 0x01,
-  0xe0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x7b, 0xe4, 0x2f, 0x1b, 0xba, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
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+    0xfb, 0x10, 0xc4, 0xcd, 0x83, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x01, 0xa4, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x34, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa,
+    0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa,
+    0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa,
+    0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa,
+    0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa,
+    0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa,
+    0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa,
+    0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa};
 std::size_t test_mp3_len = 1147;
diff --git a/src/codecs/test/test_mad.cpp b/src/codecs/test/test_mad.cpp
index 388efa17..d5522775 100644
--- a/src/codecs/test/test_mad.cpp
+++ b/src/codecs/test/test_mad.cpp
@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
 #include "mad.hpp"
 
-#include <cstdint>
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdint>
 
-#include "span.hpp"
 #include "catch2/catch.hpp"
+#include "span.hpp"
 
 #include "test.mp3.hpp"
 
 void load_mp3(cpp::span<std::byte> dest) {
-  cpp::span<std::byte> src(reinterpret_cast<std::byte*>(test_mp3), test_mp3_len);
+  cpp::span<std::byte> src(reinterpret_cast<std::byte*>(test_mp3),
+                           test_mp3_len);
   std::copy(src.begin(), src.begin() + dest.size(), dest.begin());
 }
 
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ TEST_CASE("libmad mp3 decoder", "[unit]") {
   }
 
   SECTION("processes streams correctly") {
-    std::array<std::byte, 256> input;
+    std::array<std::byte, 2048> input;
     input.fill(std::byte{0});
 
     decoder.ResetForNewStream();
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ TEST_CASE("libmad mp3 decoder", "[unit]") {
     }
 
     SECTION("invalid stream fails") {
-      input.fill(std::byte{0xFF});
+      input.fill(std::byte{0x69});
 
       auto result = decoder.ProcessNextFrame();
 
@@ -65,23 +66,26 @@ TEST_CASE("libmad mp3 decoder", "[unit]") {
 
         // Just check that some kind of data was written. We don't care
         // about what.
-        REQUIRE(std::to_integer<uint8_t>(output[0]) != 0);
-        REQUIRE(std::to_integer<uint8_t>(output[1]) != 0);
-        REQUIRE(std::to_integer<uint8_t>(output[2]) != 0);
-        REQUIRE(std::to_integer<uint8_t>(output[3]) != 0);
+        bool wrote_something = false;
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.size(); i++) {
+          if (std::to_integer<uint8_t>(output[0]) != 0) {
+            wrote_something = true;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        REQUIRE(wrote_something == true);
       }
 
       SECTION("output format correct") {
         auto format = decoder.GetOutputFormat();
 
         // Matches the test data.
-        REQUIRE(format.num_channels == 2);
+        REQUIRE(format.num_channels == 1);
         REQUIRE(format.sample_rate_hz == 44100);
         // Matches libmad output
         REQUIRE(format.bits_per_sample == 24);
       }
     }
-
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/drivers/CMakeLists.txt b/src/drivers/CMakeLists.txt
index fbecf1c8..4c8d4275 100644
--- a/src/drivers/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/drivers/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ idf_component_register(
   SRCS "dac.cpp" "gpio_expander.cpp" "battery.cpp" "storage.cpp" "i2c.cpp"
   "spi.cpp" "display.cpp" "display_init.cpp"
   INCLUDE_DIRS "include"
-  REQUIRES "esp_adc_cal" "fatfs" "result" "lvgl")
+  REQUIRES "esp_adc_cal" "fatfs" "result" "lvgl" "span")
 target_compile_options(${COMPONENT_LIB} PRIVATE ${EXTRA_WARNINGS})
diff --git a/src/drivers/dac.cpp b/src/drivers/dac.cpp
index f01d701f..23c67e88 100644
--- a/src/drivers/dac.cpp
+++ b/src/drivers/dac.cpp
@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@
 
 #include "assert.h"
 #include "driver/i2c.h"
+#include "driver/i2s.h"
 #include "esp_err.h"
 #include "esp_log.h"
 #include "hal/i2c_types.h"
 
 #include "gpio_expander.hpp"
+#include "hal/i2s_types.h"
 #include "i2c.hpp"
 
 namespace drivers {
@@ -16,11 +18,55 @@ namespace drivers {
 static const char* kTag = "AUDIODAC";
 static const uint8_t kPcm5122Address = 0x4C;
 static const uint8_t kPcm5122Timeout = 100 / portTICK_RATE_MS;
+static const i2s_port_t kI2SPort = I2S_NUM_0;
+
+static const AudioDac::SampleRate kDefaultSampleRate =
+    AudioDac::SAMPLE_RATE_44_1;
+static const AudioDac::BitsPerSample kDefaultBps = AudioDac::BPS_16;
 
 auto AudioDac::create(GpioExpander* expander)
     -> cpp::result<std::unique_ptr<AudioDac>, Error> {
+  // First, instantiate the instance so it can do all of its power on
+  // configuration.
   std::unique_ptr<AudioDac> dac = std::make_unique<AudioDac>(expander);
 
+  // Whilst we wait for the initial boot, we can work on installing the I2S
+  // driver.
+  i2s_config_t i2s_config = {
+      // static_cast bc esp-adf uses enums incorrectly
+      .mode = static_cast<i2s_mode_t>(I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_TX),
+      .sample_rate = 44100,
+      .bits_per_sample = I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_16BIT,
+      .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_RIGHT_LEFT,
+      .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S,
+      .intr_alloc_flags = ESP_INTR_FLAG_LOWMED,
+      // TODO(jacqueline): tune dma buffer size. this seems very smol.
+      .dma_buf_count = 8,
+      .dma_buf_len = 64,
+      .use_apll = false,
+      .tx_desc_auto_clear = false,
+      .fixed_mclk = 0,
+      .mclk_multiple = I2S_MCLK_MULTIPLE_DEFAULT,
+      .bits_per_chan = I2S_BITS_PER_CHAN_DEFAULT,
+  };
+
+  if (esp_err_t err =
+          i2s_driver_install(kI2SPort, &i2s_config, 0, NULL) != ESP_OK) {
+    ESP_LOGE(kTag, "failed to configure i2s pins %x", err);
+    return cpp::fail(Error::FAILED_TO_INSTALL_I2S);
+  }
+
+  i2s_pin_config_t pin_config = {.mck_io_num = GPIO_NUM_0,
+                                 .bck_io_num = GPIO_NUM_26,
+                                 .ws_io_num = GPIO_NUM_27,
+                                 .data_out_num = GPIO_NUM_5,
+                                 .data_in_num = I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE};
+  if (esp_err_t err = i2s_set_pin(kI2SPort, &pin_config) != ESP_OK) {
+    ESP_LOGE(kTag, "failed to configure i2s pins %x", err);
+    return cpp::fail(Error::FAILED_TO_INSTALL_I2S);
+  }
+
+  // Now let's double check that the DAC itself came up whilst we we working.
   bool is_booted = dac->WaitForPowerState(
       [](bool booted, PowerState state) { return booted; });
   if (!is_booted) {
@@ -28,8 +74,9 @@ auto AudioDac::create(GpioExpander* expander)
     return cpp::fail(Error::FAILED_TO_BOOT);
   }
 
+  // Write the initial configuration.
   dac->WriteRegister(Register::DE_EMPHASIS, 1 << 4);
-  dac->WriteVolume(100);
+  dac->WriteVolume(255);
 
   bool is_configured =
       dac->WaitForPowerState([](bool booted, PowerState state) {
@@ -43,14 +90,16 @@ auto AudioDac::create(GpioExpander* expander)
   return dac;
 }
 
-AudioDac::AudioDac(GpioExpander* gpio) {
-  this->gpio_ = gpio;
-};
+AudioDac::AudioDac(GpioExpander* gpio) : gpio_(gpio) {
+  gpio_->set_pin(GpioExpander::AUDIO_POWER_ENABLE, true);
+  gpio_->Write();
+}
 
-AudioDac::~AudioDac(){
-    // TODO: reset stuff like de-emphasis? Reboot the whole dac? Need to think
-    // about this.
-};
+AudioDac::~AudioDac() {
+  i2s_driver_uninstall(kI2SPort);
+  gpio_->set_pin(GpioExpander::AUDIO_POWER_ENABLE, false);
+  gpio_->Write();
+}
 
 void AudioDac::WriteVolume(uint8_t volume) {
   WriteRegister(Register::DIGITAL_VOLUME_L, volume);
@@ -93,6 +142,21 @@ bool AudioDac::WaitForPowerState(
   return has_matched;
 }
 
+auto AudioDac::Reconfigure(BitsPerSample bps, SampleRate rate) -> bool {
+  // TODO(jacqueline): investigate how reliable the auto-clocking of the dac
+  // is. We might need to explicit reconfigure the dac here as well if it's not
+  // good enough.
+  i2s_set_clk(kI2SPort, rate, bps, I2S_CHANNEL_STEREO);
+  return true;
+}
+
+auto AudioDac::WriteData(const cpp::span<std::byte>& data, TickType_t max_wait)
+    -> std::size_t {
+  std::size_t res = 0;
+  i2s_write(kI2SPort, data.data(), data.size(), &res, max_wait);
+  return res;
+}
+
 void AudioDac::WriteRegister(Register reg, uint8_t val) {
   I2CTransaction transaction;
   transaction.start()
diff --git a/src/drivers/include/dac.hpp b/src/drivers/include/dac.hpp
index 6d812b6a..dc03624b 100644
--- a/src/drivers/include/dac.hpp
+++ b/src/drivers/include/dac.hpp
@@ -5,7 +5,10 @@
 #include <functional>
 
 #include "esp_err.h"
+#include "freertos/portmacro.h"
+#include "hal/i2s_types.h"
 #include "result.hpp"
+#include "span.hpp"
 
 #include "gpio_expander.hpp"
 
@@ -19,7 +22,9 @@ class AudioDac {
   enum Error {
     FAILED_TO_BOOT,
     FAILED_TO_CONFIGURE,
+    FAILED_TO_INSTALL_I2S,
   };
+
   static auto create(GpioExpander* expander)
       -> cpp::result<std::unique_ptr<AudioDac>, Error>;
 
@@ -47,6 +52,22 @@ class AudioDac {
   /* Returns the current boot-up status and internal state of the DAC */
   std::pair<bool, PowerState> ReadPowerState();
 
+  enum BitsPerSample {
+    BPS_16 = I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_16BIT,
+    BPS_24 = I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_24BIT,
+    BPS_32 = I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_32BIT
+  };
+  enum SampleRate {
+    SAMPLE_RATE_44_1 = 44100,
+    SAMPLE_RATE_48 = 48000,
+  };
+
+  // TODO(jacqueline): worth supporting channels here as well?
+  auto Reconfigure(BitsPerSample bps, SampleRate rate) -> bool;
+
+  auto WriteData(const cpp::span<std::byte>& data, TickType_t max_wait)
+      -> std::size_t;
+
   // Not copyable or movable.
   AudioDac(const AudioDac&) = delete;
   AudioDac& operator=(const AudioDac&) = delete;
diff --git a/src/main/CMakeLists.txt b/src/main/CMakeLists.txt
index 9bfefb1d..df0d929b 100644
--- a/src/main/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/main/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 idf_component_register(
   SRCS "main.cpp" "app_console.cpp"
   INCLUDE_DIRS "."
-  REQUIRES "drivers" "dev_console")
+  REQUIRES "audio" "drivers" "dev_console" "drivers")
 target_compile_options(${COMPONENT_LIB} PRIVATE ${EXTRA_WARNINGS})
diff --git a/test/main/main.cpp b/test/main/main.cpp
index 21471fce..e012218c 100644
--- a/test/main/main.cpp
+++ b/test/main/main.cpp
@@ -24,8 +24,9 @@ class TestConsole : public Console {
  protected:
   virtual auto RegisterExtraComponents() -> void { RegisterCatch2(); }
   virtual auto GetStackSizeKiB() -> uint16_t {
-    // Catch2 requires a particularly large stack.
-    return 24;
+    // Catch2 requires a particularly large stack to begin with, and some of the
+    // tests (*cough*libmad*cough*) also use a lot of stack.
+    return 64;
   }
 };